Jewish resistance people Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Jewish obstruction individuals - Research Paper Example In addition, a few Jews sought total isolation so as to get away from the brutalities of war. Aloof opposition was likewise appeared as otherworldly obstruction, strict obstruction just as social opposition by the Jews (Henry and Lang, 2014). Others additionally got Visas from outside states as were ousted to other safe spots. These were a portion of the types of opposition that the Jews showed towards the war. In any case, following the predicaments experienced by the Jews, there were a few people who helped them. A portion of these incorporate the people just as associations. Be that as it may, among the people, the two people contributed comparably. A portion of the people who helped the Jews incorporate Feng-Shan Ho, Hugh O’Flaherty, Giorgio Perlasca and Chiune Sugihara (Tec, 2013). Both Ho and Chiune Sugihara gave travel visas to the Jews to assist them with leaving the nation. Giorgio gave counterfeit identifications that helped Jews travel to nonpartisan nations. Hugh was an evangelist who disguised roughly 4000 Jewish escapees. Others incorporate Georg Ferdinand Duckwitz, Frank Foley, Aristides de Sousa Mendes, Dimitar Peshev just as Raoul Wallenberg (Henry and Lang, 2014). Raoul gave counterfeit international IDs just as housed a huge number of Jews. Dimitar kept Bulgarian government from ousting Jews from Bulgaria to Germany to be survivors of Holocaust. Both Frank and Mendes likewise offered a large number of visas to helper in expelling of the Jews. Georg Ferdinand then again persuaded Prime Minister of Sweden to permit the Jews to be expelled to Sweden. The female people who helped the Jews incorporate Irena Sendler, Klara Baic, Anna Igumnova, Jeanne Daman just as Johanna Eck. Others incorporate Suzanne Spaak, Sofka Skipwith Elisabeta Strul and Maria Agnese Tribbioli (Longerich, 2010). Different women who helped the Jews incorporate Luvidga Pukas, Lois Gunden, Caecilia Loots, just as Antonina Gordey. Sofia Kritikou, Bronislava

1996 Mount Everest Disaster - Death on Top of the World

1996 Mount Everest Disaster - Death on Top of the World On May 10, 1996, a savage tempest slid upon the Himalayas, making dangerous conditions on Mount Everest, and abandoning 17 climbers high upon the tallest mountain on the planet. By the next day, the tempest had killed eight climbers, making it-at the time-the best death toll in a solitary day throughout the entire existence of the mountain. While climbing Mount Everest is intrinsically unsafe, a few variables (beside the tempest) added to the grievous result swarmed conditions, unpracticed climbers, various postponements, and a progression of awful choices. Large Business on Mount Everest Following the principal highest point of Mount Everest by Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay in 1953, the accomplishment of climbing the 29,028-foot top had for quite a long time been constrained to just the most tip top climbers. By 1996, be that as it may, climbing Mount Everest had developed into a multi-million dollar industry. A few mountaineering organizations had built up themselves as the methods by which even novice climbers could culmination Everest. Charges for a guided trip went from $30,000 to $65,000 per client. The fateful opening for moving in the Himalayas is a tight one. For only half a month between late April and late May-the climate is commonly milder than expected, permitting climbers to rise. In the spring of 1996, various groups were preparing for the ascension. Most by far of them drew nearer from the Nepalese side of the mountain; just two undertakings climbed from the Tibetan side. Continuous Ascent There are numerous risks engaged with rising Everest too quickly. Therefore, campaigns take a long time to rise, permitting climbers to step by step adjust to the evolving environment. Clinical issues that could create at high elevations incorporate serious height ailment, frostbite, and hypothermia. Different genuine impacts incorporate hypoxia (low oxygen, prompting poor coordination and impeded judgment), HAPE (high-elevation pneumonic edema, or liquid in the lungs) and HACE (high-height cerebral edema, or growing of the mind). The last two can demonstrate particularly lethal. In late March 1996, bunches collected in Kathmandu, Nepal, and selected to take a vehicle helicopter to Lukla, a town situated around 38 miles from Base Camp. Trekkers at that point made a 10-day climb to Base Camp (17,585 feet), where they would remain half a month acclimating to the elevation. Two of the biggest guided gatherings that year were Adventure Consultants (drove by New Zealander Rob Hall and individual aides Mike Groom and Andy Harris) and Mountain Madness (drove by American Scott Fischer, helped by guides Anatoli Boukreev and Neal Beidleman). Corridors bunch included seven climbing Sherpas and eight customers. Fischers bunch included eight climbing Sherpas and seven customers. (The Sherpa, locals of eastern Nepal, are acclimated with the high height; many make their living as care staff for climbing campaigns.) Another American gathering, helmed by movie producer and eminent climber David Breashears, was on Everest to make an IMAX film. A few different gatherings originated from around the world, including Taiwan, South Africa, Sweden, Norway, and Montenegro. Two different gatherings (from India and Japan) moved from the Tibetan side of the mountain. Up to the Death Zone Climbers started the acclimatization procedure in mid-April, taking progressively longer fights to higher rises, at that point coming back to Base Camp. In the end, over a time of about a month, the climbers advanced up the mountain-first, past the Khumbu Icefall to Camp 1 at 19,500 feet, at that point up the Western Cwm to Camp 2 at 21,300 feet. (Cwm, articulated coom, is the Welsh word for valley.) Camp 3, at 24,000 feet, was contiguous the Lhotse Face, a sheer mass of icy ice. On May 9, the planned day for the climb to Camp 4 (the most elevated camp, at 26,000 feet), the undertakings first casualty met his destiny. Chen Yu-Nan, an individual from the Taiwanese group, submitted a deadly mistake when he left his tent in the first part of the day without having lashed on his crampons (spikes appended to boots for getting on ice). He descended the Lhotse Face into a precipice. Sherpas had the option to pull him up by rope, however he kicked the bucket of inner wounds soon thereafter. The trek up the mountain proceeded. Climbing upward to Camp 4, everything except just a bunch of first class climbers required the utilization of oxygen to endure. The zone from Camp 4 up to the culmination is known as the Death Zone in view of the perilous impacts of the very high height. Environmental oxygen levels are only 33% of those adrift level. Trek to the Summit Begins Climbers from different endeavors showed up at Camp 4 for the duration of the day. Later that evening, a genuine tempest blew in. Pioneers of the gatherings expected that they would not have the option to climb that night as arranged. Twilight of intense breezes, the climate cleared at 7:30 p.m. The ascension would go on as arranged. Wearing headlamps and breathing packaged oxygen, 33 climbers-including Adventure Consultants and Mountain Madness colleagues, alongside a little Taiwanese group left at about 12 PM that night. Every customer conveyed two extra jugs of oxygen, yet would run out at about 5â p.m., and would, in this manner, need to dive as fast as conceivable once they had summitted. Speed was of the substance. In any case, that speed would be hampered by a few heartbreaking slips up. Pioneers of the two fundamental undertakings had apparently requested Sherpas to venture out in front of the climbers and introduce lines of rope along the most troublesome territories in the upper mountain so as to evade a stoppage during the rising. For reasons unknown, this vital errand was rarely done. Highest point Slowdowns The main bottleneck happened at 28,000 feet, where setting up the ropes took about 60 minutes. Adding to the deferrals, numerous climbers were delayed because of freshness. By late morning, a few climbers holding up in the line started to stress over getting to the culmination so as to dive securely before sunset and before their oxygen ran out. A subsequent bottleneck happened on the South Summit, at 28,710 feet. This deferred forward advancement by one more hour. Undertaking pioneers had set a 2â p.m. pivot time where climbers must pivot regardless of whether they had not arrived at the highest point. At 11:30 a.m., three men on Rob Halls group pivoted and headed down the mountain, acknowledging they probably won't make it in time. They were among the rare sorts of people who settled on the correct choice that day. The main gathering of climbers made it up the broadly troublesome Hillary Step to arrive at the highest point at about 1:00 p.m. After a concise festival, the time had come to pivot and complete the second 50% of their difficult trek. They despite everything expected to get down to the overall wellbeing of Camp 4. As the minutes ticked by, oxygen supplies started to decrease. Dangerous Decisions Up at the highest point of the mountain, a few climbers had been summiting great after 2:00 p.m. Mountain Madness pioneer Scott Fischer didn't authorize the pivot time, permitting his customers to remain on the highest point past 3:00. Fischer himself was summiting similarly as his customers were descending. In spite of the inconvenient time, he proceeded up. Nobody addressed him since he was the pioneer and an accomplished Everest climber. Afterward, individuals would remark that Fischer had looked sick. Fischers partner direct, Anatoli Boukreev, had mysteriously summited at an opportune time, and afterward dropped to Camp 4 without anyone else, rather than standing by to help customers. Loot Hall likewise overlooked the pivot time, remaining behind with customer Doug Hansen, who was experiencing difficulty climbing the mountain. Hansen had attempted to highest point the earlier year and fizzled, which is presumably why Hall put forth such an attempt to help him up notwithstanding the inconvenient time. Lobby and Hansen didn't highest point until 4:00 p.m., be that as it may, awfully late to have remained on the mountain. It was a genuine failure to comprehend the issues at hand on Halls section one which would cost the two men their lives. By 3:30 p.m. unpropitious mists had showed up and snow started to fall, concealing tracks that sliding climbers required as a manual for discover their way down. By 6:00 p.m., the tempest had become a snowstorm with intense breezes, while numerous climbers were all the while attempting to advance down the mountain. Trapped in the Storm As the tempest seethed on, 17 individuals were gotten on the mountain, a hazardous situation to be in after dull, however particularly so during a tempest with high breezes, no ability to see, and a breeze chill of 70 underneath zero. Climbers were likewise coming up short on oxygen. A gathering joined by guides Beidleman and Groom headed down the mountain, including climbers Yasuko Namba, Sandy Pittman, Charlotte Fox, Lene Gammelgaard, Martin Adams, and Klev Schoening. They experienced Rob Halls customer Beck Weathers on their way down. Climates was abandoned at 27,000 feet subsequent to being blasted by transitory visual deficiency, which had kept him from summitting. He joined the gathering. After an extremely moderate and troublesome drop, the gathering came surprisingly close to Camp 4, however the driving breeze and snow made it difficult to see where they were going. They crouched together to hold up out the tempest. At 12 PM, the sky cleared quickly, permitting advisers for notice the camp. The gathering took off toward camp, however four were too crippled to even consider moving Weathers, Namba, Pittman, and Fox. The others made it back and sent assistance for the four abandoned climbers. Mountain Madness control Anatoli Boukreev had the option to help Fox and Pittman back to camp, however couldn't deal with the about incapacitated Weathers and Namba, particularly in the center of a tempest. They were esteemed past assistance and were thusly abandoned. Demise on the Mo

How Much Has The Cost of Christmas Changed Since 1947

How Much Has The Cost of Christmas Changed Since 1947 How Much Has The Cost of Christmas Changed Since 1947? How Much Has The Cost of Christmas Changed Since 1947?In the 70 years since Miracle on 34th Street opened, the cost of a family Christmas has gone up. Like, way up.The Christmas classic  Miracle on 34th Street tells the story of an elderly man named Kris Kringle who gets hired to play Santa Claus at Macy’s flagship department store in Manhattan. (The location of the store is, you guessed it, on 34th Street.) Kringle is, hands down, the best dang mall Santa in the history of Santas.But when starts to claim that he is Santa Claus, not just a man playing the part, some folks try to get him committed. The whole thing ends up going to court, where Kringle’s lawyer has to prove that his client is indeed Santa Claus.The big win comes with a big assist from the U.S. postal service because that’s the sort of thing that happened in the 40’s apparently.70 years is a long time, so we thought it would be fun to look at what has and hasn’t changed about Christmas since Miracle on 34th St reet first premiered. Namely, we took a look at how some of the costs of a family Christmas have risen since then.Spoiler alert: They’ve risen by a lot.Lets start with Christmas treesIn 1947, a  Christmas tree  cost $8.45In 2017, the average  Christmas tree  costs $51.In 1947, a doll cost $2.59In 2017, a doll can cost around $20In 1947, a toy truck cost  $1.59In 2017, toy trucks can cost as much as $34.On average,  the cost of these goods has risen due to inflation by over 1,000 percent! In fact, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics,  one dollar in 1947 had the same buying power as $10.54 cents today. So in those terms, many Christmas costs have actually dropped.And dont worry, the cost of spending Christmas with your family  hasn’t changed one bit. It’s still priceless.

Event Planning - 1295 Words

EVENT PLANNING FINAL Antonio Mazzone Professor Roy February 3, 2013 TWO DAY MICROSOFT CONFERENCE Tuesday February 14, 2013 1st Meeting Time Activity 7:00 A.M. - 8:00 A.M. Breakfast 8:00 A.M. Room check: beverage, AV, tables/chairs 9:00 A.M. Photographer, videographer meeting 10:00 A.M. Security in place Speaker dry run: Speaker schedule 11:00 A.M. Voice mail to the staff person 12:00 A.M.- 1:00 A.M. Review special event line-up: entertainment Need prep room, food service, special needs/dà ©cor Lunch : AmericaFood 1:00 P.M. Brief meeting 2:00 P.M.-5:00†¦show more content†¦Invitations 3133 Swiss Park Chinatown, TX 777813 February 12, 2013 Dear Mr. Gates We will like to invite you to our computer security conference in Beijing Jade Palace on February 13, 2013 at 9:00 am for 2 days. Microsoft Corporation has been our partner for many years and we are honored to invite to the event. We look forward to continuing our excellent business relationship that has stood the test of time. For years our company has been your main supplier and it brings us a great joy. At the event the changes taking place due to the changes in regulations will be discussed and a new business strategy will be discussed according to the new laws. We are hopeful of participation from Microsoft Company. Do let us know in advance that who will be representing Microsoft Corporation. Please let us know in advance that will be coming and representing your company. Sincerely Yours, Antonio Mazzone Reference: http://www.stepbystep.com/business-meeting-email-invitation-21986/ Transportation: Microsoft Company has provided a shuttle service. The bus will run between the hours of 9: 00 am to 6:00 pm. The shuttle can be used to pick up the guests from them airport and take them to the airport when departing. 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On a Sunday afternoon, I can think of no better activity...

On a Sunday afternoon, I can think of no better activity than to stroll around Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) for the afternoon. It never ceases to amaze me the amount of people who are there for the express purpose of viewing, and hopefully, appreciating art. I have been to LACMA countless times, starting from the time that I was a very young girl, but never before had I gone with a specific assignment to complete - to view LACMA’s collection of Renaissance art in order to compare and contrast pieces in their exhibit to the works of art that we have studied in Humanities class. I will be focusing on Madonna and Child in a Landscape by Cima da Conegliano as well as Portrait of a Man by Petrus Christus and comparing and†¦show more content†¦Portrait of a Man is a detailed representation of an unnamed individual painted with oil on oak panel. Like van Eyck’s The Arnolfini Wedding, Portrait of a Man is rich in vibrant hues, and highly detailed. The af orementioned painting by van Eyck, which is a full length portrait that shows a couple in their home around the time of their marriage, has a more complex composition than Portrait of a Man, and is rich in symbolism. Christus’ piece portrays the individual up close, from the shoulders up, with a black background. While it may have less accompanying detail in the background, the individual is portrayed in a realistic, vibrant detail that is reminiscent of van Eyck’s style. The unnamed man has a serious expression on his face, with what seems to be some facial stubble and bags under his eyes that makes one wonder what it is that is going on with him. Dressed in what appears to be a plush red velvet tunic, it’s almost as if one could reach out and stroke the fabric. I did not get to view the specific Renaissance artists that we covered in class as LACMA does not have in their permanent collection Renaissance artists such as Raphael, van Eyck, Botticelli or Da Vinci. I did however, greatly enjoy viewing their contemporaries and felt that I had done so with a different eye than I had ever done at any previous visits to that museum. Frankly, I would have probably breezed

Erin Healy A Designer Profile Free Essays

Erin Healy from Florida is the new Queen in the Fashion Industry. She is the champion of the highly coveted â€Å"Top-International-Upcoming-Designer† award. This happened in her latest showcase of designs known as by her name. We will write a custom essay sample on Erin Healy: A Designer Profile or any similar topic only for you Order Now The designs are stylish and have magnificent accomplishments. They are sparkling, classic and worn easily which explains the reason of their preference by most celebrities. A good example of celebrity clientele is Whitney Thompson America’s Top Model winner. The fact that Erin has three kids does not deter her from pursuing her lifetime dream. She is indeed a rising star and a new amazing talent of style. Her pieces are lustrous and modish which explains their popularity. Her latest collection is composed of cool flirty minuscule dresses decorated by fine hairs and fasten flowers. Healy also integrated elegant tops without straps and camisoles corresponding with shorts as well as coats. She really borrowed from nature by using colors of natural features, a bunch of foreign silk featuring animal stamps and textures. The above illustrations are an assortment of a few of Erin Healy Designs in a showcase. Her designs have gained popularity after she scooped the award. According to the upcoming designer, fashion is the gorgeous art that expresses a character and vigor of a person through dressing. She described Miami’s fashion as thrilling. It is full of style, a fit for everyone and it is fashion frontward. She discovered her talent in fashion design while she was still in secondary school. She started by designing own dresses and for friends. Her style descends from a lady with a passion of refined and stylish look. Her favorite models that she enjoys working with locally include; Jordan Healy her daughter and Erin’s friend Lauren Rossi both in Jacksonville. In Miami is Jesika Marcano. Responding to a question on design process, Erin says that is no distinct process. It usually advances from a simple idea that comes to the designer in strange ways like dreams. Immediately an idea comes, she sketches out before she even explores the fabric option. In other cases the type of fabric generates the design. Her favorite designers include; ad Ghandour, L. A. M. B, Coco Chanel and Eduardo de las Casas. Her designs are available at a private showroom Gallery in the Artistree and to her what matters most the confidence on the women that wear her design. The choice of Miami to showcase her design is out of love and passion for the place. She loves the residents, the culture and style. That is why she participated in the Miami International Fashion Week emerging winner challenge and made it to the three top finalists. Miami has helped her to develop her career in a very special way for it is here that her designs came to the limelight. The preparation of a fashion show according to the top designer involves some simple steps. First, develop the story, choose a photographer and settle on the location. Secondly, decide on the make up designers and hair style experts, and prepare a procession of models as well as casting. Thirdly, she will plan a decent and collaborate with other experts to accomplish the glance. Finally is to toil with a renowned DJ and fashion show expert to prepare a fun filled and memorable event full of classy and elegant features. Works Cited Gelhar, Mary. The Fashion Designer Survival Guide. New York: Kaplan Publishing, 2008. Henry, Christine. Emerging Designer: Erin Heasley. Miami Fashion. Retrieved on July 23, 2010 from http://www. examiner. com/x-6350-Miami-Fashion-Trends-Examiners~y2010m4d5- Emerging-Designer-Erin-Heasley-winner-of-the-Best-International-Emerging-Designer- of-the-Year How to cite Erin Healy: A Designer Profile, Papers

Marketing In Digital Age Marketing Essay Essay Example

Marketing In Digital Age Marketing Essay Essay William Rosenberg, the pioneering enterpriser of Dunkin Donuts ( DD ) , had a really simple doctrine: The foreman is the client. By implementing Rosenberg s doctrine, DD operates 7,000 mercantile establishments in 40 states and sells 4 million doughnuts and 2.7 million cups of java daily. Tesco, the taking British supermarket, has grown successfully for many old ages. By contrast, Sainsbury s, the former leader, has struggled to maintain gait and now is in merely 3rd place. Tesco understands and references client demands in a compelling mode it has the right merchandise mix, and provides first-class value. Tesco illustrates the kernel of effectual selling. In general, when you talk about marketing the first thing that comes to our head is Advertisement, publicities, merchandising, etc. That is because we are bombarded with telecasting and newspaper ads, direct mail and gross revenues calls every twenty-four hours. Selling is non merely about advertizement, publicities or selling your merchandises, but it has many more concern activities. Selling is based on 4Ps i.e. Product, Price, Place and Promotion. We could besides state that carry throughing the demands and fulfilling demands of the clients by gaining net income is called selling. In simple words selling means making consciousness of the merchandise and the trade name name by aiming a peculiar group of client ( for illustration age group of 18yrs to 30yrs, females or childs etc. ) to whom you want to sell your merchandise. It generates the scheme that underlies gross revenues techniques, concern communicating, and concern developments. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing In Digital Age Marketing Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing In Digital Age Marketing Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing In Digital Age Marketing Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Selling is a really wide construct. Today it plays a really of import function in the procedure of establishing a new merchandise in the market, trade name trueness from the clients, making and increasing the client base for the merchandise s long life in the competitory universe of selling. The gross revenues of a merchandise are mostly depended on the selling manner. A strategic planning is ever of import for the success of the merchandise, particularly in today s universe where the selling has gone digital. We find people purchasing things on cyberspace unlike in the early old ages of 2000 s when cyberspace was merely constructing up its image in selling of merchandises on-line. The advertizements are now done online which is the easiest manner to make the targeted clients. That is because the usage of cyberspace has been increasing enormously. The huge difference that has made in digital selling is the usage of cyberspace engineerings, informations excavation, neuroscience engine erings, web2.0, etc. It has changed the whole system of selling. The selling is now done by aiming the people and brainwashing their head through advertizements and many other ways. They term it as neuromarketing. They target the thought of the client straight off or you can state the human behavior. The houses, today, want non merely to retain their clients but besides increase the client base. The houses therefore, have changed the manner of selling and seeking to remain with the digital age selling by utilizing assorted types of selling engineerings. The essay discusses more on the development of the selling, the difference that the Web2.0 has made in selling universe and besides the neuroscience selling which is really normally used by many houses today as a selling technic. The essay besides discusses about the forthcoming Web3.0 an cyberspace based engineering which will be the following large measure in marketing system. Definitions of Marketing Selling has many definitions given by assorted people. The followers are some popular definitions: Selling as defined in 2007 by the American Marketing Association is the activity, set of establishments, and processes for making, pass oning, presenting, and interchanging offerings that have value for clients, clients, spouses, and society at big. Peter drucker a taking selling direction mind, has described selling as follows: Selling is non merely much broader than merchandising, it is non a specialized activity at all. It encompasses the full concern. It is the whole concern seen from the point of position of its concluding consequence, that is, from the client s point of position . The Evolution of Digital Marketing Today the selling has gone to following degree. The selling has gone digital. Every twenty-four hours you find out a new selling manner or a new manner of selling is been used to pull people to purchase your merchandise or services. As mentioned earlier the major difference is made by the cyberspace related engineerings i.e. informations excavation, web2.0 and assorted other things. The houses particularly have enjoyed the alteration from 2005, when the Web2.0 came into drama. The selling as a topic has become really broad and wide construct. This is because the alteration or the development in the selling that is brought in by the new engineerings and other new ways of selling for illustration, stealing selling, on-line auctions, e-commerce, etc. these are the things that bears the cogent evidence of impact of the technological development on selling in the recent yesteryear. Today cyberspace is a sort of line of life for the people, without cyberspace they are incapacitated. For il lustration a individual wants to purchase a top-up for his cell phone he ll non travel to a shop alternatively he will utilize cyberspace or the hard currency machines to purchase the top-up. If a individual wishes to eat pizza he can travel to any pizza web site i.e. pizza hut, dominos, etc. and order it. The eBay has been a perfect illustration of technological development in the selling development where people literally sell and purchase different merchandises without even cognizing each other. They merely purchase and sell things by exposing a image and the inside informations of the merchandise. Whereas, in the 1990 s the people had to travel to the stores and purchase things they wish to buy. Most of the people did nt cognize about the new merchandises launched in the market in that epoch. The alteration in the selling technics and the usage of engineering has helped the people in the right manner they wanted. They are now updated through electronic mails from the companies, etc. They besides save a batch of clip, money and energy to make the same things they did by passing a batch clip and money in going to purchase things. The development in selling has brought a batch of alteration and has helped the houses in many ways. It creates a great value for the stockholders and besides attracts more new investors to put in the company. It besides helps the houses to track the market places of the houses A ; its merchandise in the market, the houses have a great advantage of making marketing research of its merchandise to be after the selling schemes of the merchandise i.e. how to market, where to market, who to aim for the merchandise, etc. which is necessary for the success of the merchandise. It has made really easy for the houses to use the Marketing Mix. Selling requires a batch of communicating with the consumers that is in B2C or with the houses in the instance of B2B, for which the cyberspace has been a span to make full the spread. You merely have to email your clients or the company of what you want and how you want, there is an immediate answer within a yearss clip. This has been a major encourage ment for the selling system. It has changed the whole scenario of marketing today. The usage of cyberspace has helped companies save a batch of money which they spent on happening the traders which bears really high hazard of the success of the shop. The consumer on the other manus is besides happy because they can straight purchase the goods from the company and besides can acquire the after gross revenues services straight from the company which is by and large faster so what the retail merchants do. Dell is an first-class illustration for this. They sell computing machines merely online or through an authorized Dell trader which is really rare. The company enjoys a higher net income border and the clients enjoy good service which is direct from the company. The Role Of Web2.0 In Marketing Development The first large measure towards the technological revolution was back in 2001 when dot com entered in the universe of selling. World Wide Web was used for sharing thoughts and advancing treatment, etc. Many people thought it was overhyped and is non every bit good as it looks. The fact is that in the star it easy got in but on the ulterior phase it lacked many ways which were so seen in Web2.0. Web2.0 is the 2nd biggest but even more effectual measure towards the technological revolution in selling system. It took one and half twelvemonth for acquiring a proper clasp in the selling universe after it was used for the first clip in 2004. The advancement narrative or the point of the Web2.0 coming in the calcium hydroxide visible radiation is the high-profile coup detat of the cyberspace telephone service by Skype and so the on-line payment system PayPal by one of the most successful on-line auction site EBay, the coup detat of the photo-sharing site Flickr by Yahoo and the 1.6-bn-dolla r coup detat of the picture exchange site called YouTube by Google have placed the topic of Web 2.0 in the limelight. The houses every bit good as the consumers both have accepted the alteration good. It is besides called as the Social Web . It is besides really frequently used for Social plans like Social Networking ( Facebook, Orkut, MySpace, etc. ) , Social Media, Sharing Contentss, Blogs, Wikis, Podcasting, YouTube, RSS, Google, etc. The Web2.0 has helped the houses reach the clients straight for illustration SPORTSDIRECT.COM. They sell athleticss goods online, they do hold retail mercantile establishments but their chief manner of selling is through cyberspace. The consumers book the merchandises online where they can choose and compare from different trade names and acquire the goods delivered within 24 hours at their door measure without blowing clip of traveling to the shop and purchasing. There are some web sites which help people compare and take to what they want to purchase. For illustration the HUNGARYHOUSE.COM which helps people choose from different eating houses in their country for which nutrient they want to eat and what is the forte of the eating houses in that country. The consumers can travel the web site and select from the options and order repasts. They besides can acquire best trades and offers by booking online. Besides there is a web site for developing concern webs or helps happen new purc hasers or Sellerss of different merchandises. The web site is known as ALIBABA.COM. It is really popular web site where people from different portion of the universe can happen different merchandises sold by many different companies from assorted states. They are besides persons purchasing and selling assortment of merchandises. In general, it is said that everything has a positive and a negative side. The same goes with the Web2.0. There is some danger towards the civilization, society, etc. posed by the usage of Web2.0 for illustration There are some anon. pictures and remixes on YouTube, Google videos and many other similar sites where cultural danger and besides the maltreatment and abuse of the right of first publication picture, Son, music, etc. is frequently seen. There are so many sites which give in item information of doing a BOMB. These things are someway a distressing portion where batch of attention has to be taken make sure of the safety of the universe. After all the good and bad side of the WEB2.0 the essay farther discusses the extroverted Web3.0. The Web 3.0 engineerings are hard to specify how superb it will be, as the lineation of emerging applications has been really clear over the past few old ages with the usage of the Web2.0. We can therefore basically view Web 3.0 as powering large-scale Web applications. The sort of applications that are used in web2.0 will be even more filtered and will be even more sophisticated with better packages. The selling system will profit more in footings of selling goods online, increasing the client base and in many other ways. Thus Web3.0 is traveling to convey enormous alteration in the selling universe by doing things easier and effectual by passing less clip, money and cut downing the sum of labors hired for marketing related occupations. The Use Of Neuroscience Marketing After the Web2.0 as the new engineering for marketing which has made marketing really easily, the houses had to happen a new, a better and effectual manner of selling. The houses, so, started to happen even more new ways of marketing to make the clients and to retain them for long term. The houses started utilizing the neuroscience engineerings to larn the demands of the client to fulfill them with their merchandise. The neuroscience uses the methods that are originally used for encephalon research to look into the economic jobs, and so progress the integration neuroscientific findings into the economic scientific disciplines. Neuromarketing or consumer neuroscience is a portion of neuroeconomics that addresses the selling related jobs i.e. Methods of selling and besides the penetrations from encephalon research. Therefore, with the aid of advanced techniques of neurology, which is used for consumer neuroscience, a more direct position of the clients thought is executable which helps the houses market their merchandise easy to the targeted clients. Consumer neuroscience, when at its initial phase, should non hold be seen as a challenge to traditional consumer research techniques, but gave a complementing promotion towards farther probe of specific decision-making behavior of the consumers. Neuroimaging engineering allows research workers to detect in item of how the human behavior alterations when nervous mechanisms are applied. The to the full groking human behavior requires an apprehension of how evolutionary procedures have been selected for the functional forms and hence, how the nervous system responds to the same. Both economic expert and the brain doctors made efforts to larn and understand the human behavior for which they have used assorted different methods in past few old ages. The economic research on the other manus has tried to explicate the human behavior through experimental informations and other theoretical concepts such as public-service corporation or penchants. Since there are so many types each one has its ain failing and strength. The research work is merely sanctioned or put in to utilize when they are tried with few other types of research methods and one time they are successful with them, they start utilizing it. There are many human physiolo gical reactions that can be easy measured and used for nervous operation. The worlds are capable to assorted cultural phenomena, human behavior is comprised of biological and cultural head set when purchasing things. To be peculiar the importance of development would be a merchandise s gustatory sensation and safety along with how the merchandise influences one s societal head set. Accordingly, assorted advertisement images and famous person subscribers, sometimes makes a consumer choose and be loyal to the trade name. This shows how societal influence via trade name image can be used as a selling method which is really the nervous activity for an affectional response by the consumer towards the trade name. Decision Therefore, from the above essay the development in selling has played a really of import portion in altering the traditional selling methods which made things easier, more effectual by passing less clip, besides helps happen the right information about the consumer and their demands really easy which is really necessary to retain the clients. However, the major alterations were because the usage of cyberspace based engineerings that were introduced which changed the complete image of the selling methods i.e. researching, selling goods, besides happening and comparing things easy, etc. Change is must in about everything. It helps you find new things and besides makes it easier. The selling in past few old ages have experienced the same alteration which has made it really efficient but making it in a really easy method. On the other manus The Web2.0 has made it so easy for the selling portion specifically because in the 1990 s or even in the early 2000 s it was non easy to look and happen the information so easy. It has helped the houses to turn its web of clients in a really easy mode unlike in the 2001 when they used the Web1.0. The Web2.0 has made quit a large difference in the selling methods already, what will be the following thing when the Web3.0 will be in usage, ca nt even conceive of the manner thing s will be. The universe will be working so fast. The selling methods will be even more improved, even more efficient like neer earlier. Besides the houses are now utilizing the neuroscience engineering. Therefore, when the engineering meets science the chance in developing selling accomplishments will be enormous. The selling system has taken major alteration and is seeking to read the clients mind to what they really want and how they think. They are utilizing several neuroscience methods to make this. It has helped them good to both the consumers every bit good as the houses. These inventions of new technics and besides the cyberspace based engineering have helped the selling system alteration and modernise it. These timely alterations are really of import to maintain up with fast traveling digital universe. New methods are ever helpful and should be used until it benefits both the houses and the consumers. It is ever good when the balance is right. Therefore alterations should take topographic point from clip to clip and by the clip Web3.0 is in market there should be more and more new engineerings innovated to do selling more effectual.

Free Essays on Gender

Gender An in Depth Analysis of Gender Relationships Throughout history and in all cultures the roles of males and females vary. Relating to the piece of literature "Girl" written by Jamaica Kincaid for the time, women's roles were to work in the home. At the time that this work was written, women mainly stayed at home and did housework while few of the very poorest households required the woman to work in an industrial job. Kincaid wrote of the specific roles and responsibilities that a mother would tell her daughter. By what she wrote, one can fully understand what was expected of a woman at that time and in that particular culture. By understanding the culture in which this piece of literature is written, the gender roles, the rules of behavior for a woman and the relationships between genders can be realized. The general myth about women and their gender role in the American society is that the mother works in the home and supports her man in every way. In the literary work "Girl", Kincaid shows clearly that the woman's role in this work was to serve the family and to work mainly in the house. The mother writing this story tells her daughter that "this is how you iron your father's khaki shirt so that it doesn't have a crease" (Kincaid 412). By her ironing his khaki shirt, he is better prepared for work to support his family. Today's society does not always provide these clear roles since many women work a full time job and the house chores are a responsibility for both to handle, though the woman is still mainly held responsible for the home. There should be a constant search for equality in gender roles. Kincaid explains how the man is working to bring home the money and the wife supports his work. Though men and women are supposedly equal, the roles they must play in a particular relationship may be unequal. The conflict that will be revealed in the future is the desire to have the status that ... Free Essays on Gender Free Essays on Gender It’s Up to Me I have always been friends with boys, so we always did what boys would do. We would play basketball or football, watch boys cartoons such as The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, or anything else that boys were always doing at a young age. But that is where the difficult point is in trying to figure out how I was gendered. I never wanted to play with girls toys or do anything that the girls did when I was younger, I pretty much chose to do everything that boys do. From the earliest days that I can remember, my best friend Danny was always around. We were basically best friends since birth, well, maybe just my birth, he was two years older than me. We did everything and nothing together. We would play sports watch television and movies, and play video games together. Even when we were doing nothing, we were doing it together. Every night, we would walk down the block to Blockbuster. It didn’t matter what my sister or his sister wanted to watch, we had to rent some sort of action movie. After every movie, we had to go and â€Å"play fight,† which was always known in my head as â€Å"Danny’s time to kick my ass.† He was two years older than me, and twice my weight, so it was pretty much a given. Even though I would get beaten up all the time, I still had fun, it’s what I wanted to do. When I wasn’t getting beat up, I was getting beat at a game of basketball, but I loved the sport and always wanted to play anyway. It was the best thing for me, because Danny was way too good so every time I played against him I got better, so at school I beat everyone like nothing. Any time my parents came home with new toys for me to play with, they were always toys that were made for boys. It’s not that they tried to force them on me, because everything that they bought me was something that I wanted. The only times that anyone would see me playing with girls toys was taking my sister’s Barbie corvette and dri... Free Essays on Gender The Truth about Masculinity and Society’s Hindrance In this day and age one would think that the flaws of society 100 years ago wouldn’t be prevalent today. Unfortunately according to William Pollack this isn’t true, and actually he seems to be quite correct in his assumption. Boys are not shown the appropriate attention too the correct problems in society today. This failure is apparent in school, home, work and just about everyday in daily activities. Males are seldom advised to show their emotions and weakness in any way, or they are automatically seen as an outcast of some sort. Or even worse if they do show emotions they are labeled as gay, and this carries a type of negative connotation in society today that it shouldn’t. This problem is actually getting to the point that it is affecting the overall out come of academic performance in boys. Also there is a gender gap between the negative attentions that is displayed to boys as apposed to girls. When it may be something that isn’t right on the exterior of the situation and could easily be understood within a few questions. This makes the girls in class twice as likely to be more confident in what they want to do later in life, and as a future. Society has changed its view on the place of a woman, and has allowed woman to move up the corporate ladder so to speak. The problem here is that it hasn’t changed its view and place of the male. The male is still expected to keep in all of his emotions and this isn’t healthy. It isn’t healthy for the individual and also for the people that interact with him. This problem starts very early in the home and with the mother not dealing with the emotions of the boy, instead she is telling him not too cry and acting like a girl. This displays the female as a weak and vulnerable creature and the male is supposed to distinguish its difference by this. This mask of masculinity seems to be worn so well even ... Free Essays on Gender Children learn gender roles In reading Katha Pollitt’s â€Å"Why Boy’s Don’t Play with Dolls† it showed how she has seen gender roles in her life. Her essay brings up many good points that need to be addressed in the future, but I believe you can only take one step at a time. I think that there are still gender roles today, but that they are becoming more insignificant. I believe most gender roles are learned by children from their parents and in the school systems. Children learn at a very early age what it means to be a boy or girl in our society. With all the gender stereotypes and biases, it is no wonder that sex segregation exists. During childhood, children are exposed to many factors that influence their attitudes and behaviors regarding gender roles. These attitudes are learned in the home, in schools, and even at the playground where children play among their peers. From the time they are born, children have already been assigned a gender. Blue blankets are used for baby boys, and pink ones for girls. It is difficult for a child to grow up without experiencing some form of gender bias or stereotyping. When in school, many of their ideas and beliefs are reinforced by their friends, teachers, and other adults. For example, when teachers ask their students to form two lines, there is usually one line for boys and the other for girls. When children play, they avoid playing with the opposite sex because they prefer the company of "their own kind." The result is a self-imposed segregation between boys and girls. Research has been done on this phenomenon. Many sociologists have been trying to explain gender roles and differences. Some say sex differences are biologically determined and some believe they are socially constructed. Children behave according to their assigned gender roles as early as two or three years old. From preschool on up to middle school, children live in two separate worlds girls and boys. Inside the cl... Free Essays on Gender Gender An in Depth Analysis of Gender Relationships Throughout history and in all cultures the roles of males and females vary. Relating to the piece of literature "Girl" written by Jamaica Kincaid for the time, women's roles were to work in the home. At the time that this work was written, women mainly stayed at home and did housework while few of the very poorest households required the woman to work in an industrial job. Kincaid wrote of the specific roles and responsibilities that a mother would tell her daughter. By what she wrote, one can fully understand what was expected of a woman at that time and in that particular culture. By understanding the culture in which this piece of literature is written, the gender roles, the rules of behavior for a woman and the relationships between genders can be realized. The general myth about women and their gender role in the American society is that the mother works in the home and supports her man in every way. In the literary work "Girl", Kincaid shows clearly that the woman's role in this work was to serve the family and to work mainly in the house. The mother writing this story tells her daughter that "this is how you iron your father's khaki shirt so that it doesn't have a crease" (Kincaid 412). By her ironing his khaki shirt, he is better prepared for work to support his family. Today's society does not always provide these clear roles since many women work a full time job and the house chores are a responsibility for both to handle, though the woman is still mainly held responsible for the home. There should be a constant search for equality in gender roles. Kincaid explains how the man is working to bring home the money and the wife supports his work. Though men and women are supposedly equal, the roles they must play in a particular relationship may be unequal. The conflict that will be revealed in the future is the desire to have the status that ... Free Essays on Gender Gender and Informal Social Control Pt. I Starting at birth children are instantly assigned a gender. Childhood is the most influential time for children to learn the factors, which teach them attitudes and behaviors regarding gender roles. These ideas are reinforced through parents, teachers, peers, and even media. Sociologists have been trying to explain gender roles and differences only to find an argument of wether sex differences are biologically determined or a result of informal social construction. Traditionally, gender has been used primarily to refer to the categories of masculine, feminine, and neuter. This usage is supported by the practice of many who reserve sex for reference to biological categories, while using gender to refer to social or cultural categories. Gender is based upon the way one is treated, looked upon by others, and the way one presents themselves to others. People attempt to classify gender by observing an individual’s sex, however, usually end up classifying a person by the way the person presents themself. Gender can’t be equated with biological and physiological differences between males and females. The building blocks of gender are socially constructed statuses. Gender roles are taught to children at a very early age to unconsciously comply to their assigned roles. Activities, games, media, and feedback from adults expose children to the process of gender role socialization. A sense of â€Å"self† is a direct correlation to the ideas, beliefs, and attitudes that the child is exposed to. Gender is developed through informal social controls. Sex is classified as either of two categories, male or female, based upon the reproductive organs and their functions. Sex is a biological and physiological classification of organisms. Society expects that a person’s sex should correspond with their gender. Sex is an ascribed status. The genitalia one is born with is a de...

From Fired to Hired How to Deal with Sudden Job Loss

From Fired to Hired How to Deal with Sudden Job Loss If you’ve been laid off or gotten fired, this sudden job loss can  feel like the end of the world- the end of stability, the end of your paycheck, the end of your career. It can feel like a big black hole of uncertainty. Whether it was the result of something you did, or the result of a complicated web of back-room decisions that aren’t entirely clear to you, the end result is the same: you need a new job, and you need one fast. So how does one go about doing this, when you feel defeated and unemployable? Well, it’s not an easy process, but getting back in the game as quickly as possible is what you need to do.1. Embrace the Grief2. I Got Laid Off. What Can I Do?3.  I Was Fired for a Reason. Am I Unemployable?Embrace the Grief (Briefly)When it happens to you, it’s devastating. When it happened to me, I had an inkling it was coming- the crisis-laden company I worked far was slowly and systematically eliminating positions at the end of every quarter, lik e hurling deck chairs from the Titanic. Still, although I certainly knew it was a possibility, and that I should probably start coming up with a Plan B, I didn’t†¦and then on that Friday morning, when I was invited into a manager’s office for a vague â€Å"meeting,† I realized my doom had caught up with me: I would be included in the next round of layoffs. I don’t actually remember much from that morning, except breaking my longstanding rule of never crying at work, and feeling at a total loss for what to do next.RELATED:  How to Bounce Back From a Lay-offHowever, even if I did have a great Plan B lined up for myself in the event of my job loss, I still don’t think it would have overcome those initial feelings of grief and failure. At TheLadders, they liken job loss to any other kind of grief, with similar stages:This isn’t really happening, not to ME. I’m a good employee, I get my work done, I toe the company line.This wonâ₠¬â„¢t really stick. They’ll recognize their mistake, I’ll come back on Monday, and we’ll move past this crazy misunderstanding.How DARE they do this to me? I gave them the best four years of my career.This is all my fault. If I had just done more, I’d still have my job. I sucked at my job, and they finally realized it.I’m never going to leave my house again; this is so humiliating. Everyone’s going to judge me for losing my job.What actually happened here? Why did this happen to me, and what can I do about it? What do I want to do?Okay, things have changed and I need to get a job. What should I do now? Even if you saw it coming, even if it’s not your fault (economics, company politics), even if it is your fault- it’s horrible to find yourself in the position of being rejected professionally. So if/when it happens to you, I recommend taking a little bit of time to absorb reality and let yourself move through these stages before you dive back into the job hunt. You need to be in the right mindset, otherwise you’ll be less than your best self as you search for your next opportunity.I Got Laid Off. What Can I Do?If you’ve just been laid off, your job loss was likely due to circumstances that were beyond your control. That can make it even harder to get back on track, because you may never know why your name came due on some list in HR. You’re not left with a specific idea of what you can do to improve your professional game and frame it for the next job. If that’s the case, see this as a chance for a general professional makeover.RELATED:  So You Just Got Fired. Now What?Decide what you want to do.Do you want to stay in this industry? Is it time to go back to school, or try something new? Take stock of your skills, your experience, and your career goals, and use those to figure out what you want to do. If the conclusion you come to is, â€Å"I need the same kind of job ASAP to p ay my bills,† that’s great too. The important part is that you take the time to think through your immediate needs and wants for your career.Overhaul your resume.Whether it was last year that you last pulled out this doc, or many years ago, this is your chance for a fresh start. Don’t just recycle your tired old resume–put in the time to make it an accurate representation of where you are right now in your career.Work your network.Side benefit: you don’t have to be discreet about your job search like you would if you were still at your old job and trying to fly under the radar. You can be openly searching for new opportunities, reaching out to recruiters and former colleagues on LinkedIn, announcing on social media that you’re looking for a new gig. Don’t be afraid to let people know what you’re looking for in your next job.Your network could also be great for providing moral support, even if they don’t have concrete job leads for you yet. Don’t underestimate the power of friendly voices helping you get through a tough transitional phase in your professional life.Dive into the job search.Once you’ve given yourself some lead time to wallow a little in your post-layoff grief, it’s time to start looking for your next job, pronto. If you have financial resources that allow you to take your time, great. If you don’t, it just means you need to spend less time on the grieving and reflecting, and be ready to start combing job boards, searching for specific companies you’d like to work for, and getting your resume in order. The average job search takes six months, so the prospect of speeding up that process can be daunting- but not impossible!Be honest.In interviews, your job loss will come up, especially if there’s now a gap between that job and your current job application. It’s okay to admit you were laid off- it’s a common experience, and interviewe rs get it. If you use phrases like â€Å"they eliminated my position† or â€Å"the company was restructuring,† people understand, and will likely sympathize without putting an invisible red flag next to your name. There’s no shame in rebounding from an unexpected job loss. And you can use this as a chance to emphasize your resilience and your commitment to your career. The best way to look at the post-layoff job search is as a search for opportunity. Sure, it’s one with the added stress of needing (rather than wanting) to find a new job, but it’s an opportunity nonetheless.I Was Fired for a Reason. Am I Unemployable?No! Going from fired to hired is possible. If you were fired for illegal or unethical activity, well, that makes your battle a more uphill one. But if you were let go for a mistake on the job, or for poor performance, this is your chance to grow bigger than that†¦or find another career path for yourself. What it comes down to is th is: people make mistakes. It’s up to you to frame that mistake as one you’re not going to make again, and that you’ve overcome.Think hard about your next job.You were fired from your last job- is that directly attributable to a particular action (for example, you were chronically late), or to an inability to do the job? If it’s something like the former, and it is more of a personal issue to tackle than a professional one, that’s something you can work on by yourself, while emphasizing your qualifications. If it’s that you couldn’t do the job, then this is your time to decide if this is a path you want to continue traveling; is there another job that would be better suited to your experience and your skills, especially after you got burned with this one?Frame the narrative.Putting â€Å"got fired† or â€Å"let go with cause† on your cover letter or resume is going to lead to a quick â€Å"no way† from most employe rs. You can fudge this a little by saying â€Å"I left† suggest that you were laid off. Just be aware, when you’re coming up with your narrative, that you might be called on this, either via a background check or interview questions about how you left your previous job. It’s important not to lie outright, but you can try to control the narrative.Get outside references.If you were fired, you’re likely not going to be going to your former boss for a glowing review. If you have other colleagues there who can speak to your good qualities (and won’t talk about the, um, less-than-stellar circumstance of your departure), use them. Even better, get references that aren’t related to your last, disastrous job. You need to rebuild your professional brand, and you want to use good support to do that.A reference from your former company may not even be out of the question. If you’re gracious, and acknowledge that you understand why this happened, they may be willing to give you a discreet letter of recommendation.Keep moving.After you’re fired, you have less runway for a job hunt- you might not qualify for unemployment benefits, and if this was sudden, you might not have a ton of resources saved up for a long job search. It’s important to be ready fairly quickly to start searching for your next job.Reinvent yourself.This may be necessary, especially if you have done something serious and specific that led to your job loss. It’s not enough to maintain your career status quo anymore. It’s time to improve your skills, take classes, maximize your resume, and decide what it is you really want to be doing. This may require you to take a cold, hard look at why this last job didn’t work out, and what you can do to move past that. Maybe this will mean switching careers, where you can emphasize your skills while shifting the focus away from your previous experiences. After all, your most recent job d idn’t work out for a reason- isn’t it possible that you’re in the wrong field? Either way, this is an opportunity to figure out what your career phoenix looks like, rising from the ashes of old mistakes.However you came to lose your job, the pain and fear of it are very real. It’s so important not to let that start to define you, or your career goals. If you’re proactive and willing to spend some of your unexpected down time taking a close look at who you were when you lost your job, who you are now, and who you want to be, that can help you bounce back from even the ugliest setbacks. And remember: you’re not alone! The job market is full of people moving in and out for all kinds of reasons, and you’re not the first one to try to stage a comeback. Many of us have been there, and are proof that it’s not the end of the world. Good luck with your journey!

Write about the arguments for and against developing a genetic Essay

Write about the arguments for and against developing a genetic fingerprint profile for all members of society - Essay Example The fragments produced are invisible at this stage and so the fragments are transferred to a nylon membrane using southern blotting which involves adding a layer f absorbent paper to the nylon membrane. The DNA is then drawn upwards by capillary motion. The DNA fragments are then denatured by heating to give single stranded DNA. A radioactive isotope f phosphorus with a base sequence identical to one f the VNTR sequences is used to locate the particular bands. This is also known as a DNA probe and it binds to its complementary single stranded DNA. Any excess probe is washed off. The probes are accurately located by placing X-ray film over the nylon membrane. DNA fingerprinting is a method that compares the fragments f DNA. DNA fingerprinting was first invented to detect the presence f genetic diseases. Today, DNA fingerprinting is used in different ways. DNA is analyzed using a Southern Blot, which allows scientists to observe the base pair patterns. DNA fingerprinting can be used in a few different ways. First, to find out if the child belongs to a person DNA fingerprinting may be used. When a child is born, it inherits the VNTR's from the father and the mother. VNTR's are variable number tandem repeats, which is repeated sequences f base pairs. The VNTR patterns are used to determine the father or mother.

Value of knowledge on science and belief Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Value of knowledge on science and belief - Essay Example   Scientific knowledge has contributed widely to the improvement of human living. It has made strides in the medical field in testing and discovery of new drugs to cure diseases. Over time many scientists have made groundbreaking discoveries in the medical field, for instance, Chinese scientist Youyou Tu developed a prizewinning anti-malarial drug which helped combat the debilitating disease that attacks hundreds of millions of people annually. It has also enabled human beings to adopt more healthy lifestyles by pointing out diseases caused by poor lifestyles, like blood pressure. The world of agriculture has also been revolutionized by new knowledge which farmers have greatly taken advantage of to improve their yield. The Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) for instance started the Green Revolution of rice and wheat in Asia which has raised the average yield of rice and wheat by a tremendous lot. Research in the science doctrine has enabled us to beco me aware of harmful activities that deteriorate Mother Nature and also harmful chemical substances to health. Human beings have directly impacted nature negatively by continuous pollution which makes irreversible damage to the environment. A good example is greenhouse gases in the atmosphere which are believed to lead to global warming. For instance the controversy of Genetically Modified Organisms which were discovered and developed by scientists in attempt to improve yield in harsh growth conditions.  

A Prose Analysis of Miltons Sonnet XIX :: essays research papers

A Prose Analysis on Milton's "Sonnet XIX" John Milton, a poet who was completely blind in 1651 wrote "Sonnet XIX" in 1652; this sonnet is his response to his loss of sight. The theme of the sonnet is the loss and regain of primacy of experience. Milton offers his philosophical view on animism and God. Furthermore, "Sonnet XIX" explores Milton's faith and relationship with God. "Sonnet XIX" suggests that man was created to work and not rest. The supportive details, structure, form, and richness of context embodies the theme. The sonnet goes through two phases: the first phase is Milton's question addressed to God, "Why me?" he asked. Then, the second phase offers a resolution to Milton's dilemma. Moreover, the sonnet acts as a self-poem to Milton, himself. In the beginning of the sonnet, Milton suggests that his primacy of experience have been deferred when he became blind. The words, "dark", "death", and "useless" (lines 2-4) describe the emotional state of Milton. His blindness created a shrouded clarity within his mind. Line three, "And that one talent which is death to hide" is an allusion to the biblical context of the bible. Line three refers to the story of Matthew XXV, 14-30 where a servant of the lord buried his single talent instead of investing it. At the lord's return, he cast the servant into the "outer darkness" and deprived all he had. Hence, Milton devoted his life in writing; however, his blindness raped his God's gift away. A tremendous cloud casted over him and darkened his reality of life and the world. Like the servant, Milton was flung into the darkness. Line seven, "Doth God exact day-labor, light denied?" describes the limitations and burdens of a person who has lost his sense of place in life. Obviously, Milton is making a reference to his blindness in relation to line seven. Line seven implies that once the usefulness of a man has diminished, then is man doomed to wasting the rest of his remaining days. In other words, has Milton's handicap made him into an obsolete machine? The quote "To be or not to be,†¦", (Hamlet, Act 3, Scene1) runs through Milton's mind. Shall he struggle and fight in the webs of darkness, or shall he accept defeat. A sense of "dark clarity" - a sinister paradox occupies Milton's mind. His brain was once clear, set, and on task; but now, it is clouded, unorganized, and fragmented. However, in the darkness, a new form of clarity arises. "That murmur. Soon replies, God doth not need Either man's work or his own gifts;" (lines 9-

Effects of Social Networking Sites on Academic Performanc

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. Background to the study Social networking is a growing field in this contemporary world. Social networking sites make it possible for people to interact with absent others in the society. Social networking sites also allow people or users to share ideas, activities, events, and interests within their individual network. In fact, different social networking sites are used today and these, to a large extent, have increased social relationships among people as we can now interact with absent others without their physical presence.Social networking sites such as Facebook, 2go, Twitter, MySpace, Whatsapp and other instant messaging applications have helped people to share interests and also, dating online has become a growing issue in this contemporary world. The importance of social network cannot be over-emphasized in people’s life as many people are now able to maintain long-distance relationships without physical contact and this, to a large extent, has increased the social bond among people. For instance, one can decide to chat online, through social networking site, with one’s relative abroad.Also, the presence of social networking site has helped many students to acquire knowledge from one another over internet without necessarily have to meet physically. In fact, one wonders how it would be possible if there is no instant messaging and other social networking sites to perform this operation. On the other hand, social networking sites have caused many problems. For instance many students have lost their lives and property to thieves and got exposed to incurable diseases directly or indirectly through social networking sites.Likewise, many people are using these sites to commit atrocities such as defrauding or swindling people of their money and other properties. Therefore, social networking sites have brought both good and bad to the present generation and it is also meaningful to say that the good and bad consequence s of using social networking sites depend on the usage by the people and what they want to achieve with it. 2. Statement of the problem In this contemporary world, there are growing uses of different social networking sites which have contributed to people’s life positively and negatively.What people, especially students use social networking sites for make it seem that social networking is detrimental to students life. Many have assumed that social networking sites are socially injurious as it has affected the social life of people in terms of its contribution to moral decadence manifesting in indecent dressing, crimes and prostitution. Therefore, it will be meaningful to look at the effects of social networking sites on students’ social life so as to know the social impact of social networking sites.A similar study about the effects of social networking sites on students’ academic performance was carried out in Malaysia, United States of America, and United Ki ngdom where it was found out that students’ academic performance was not affected by social networking sites. A study carried out on the students of the University of Hampshire also showed that social networking is being integrated with rather than interfering with students’ academic performance (Martin. C. 2009).This is the first time an evaluation of the effects of social networking sites on the academic performance of Obafemi Awolowo University students. Most research that had been done on the effects of social networking sites on academic performance of students is not on Nigerian students so making a generalization to this effect could be erroneous. Therefore, due to little or lack of cogent literature on the effects of social networking sites on the academic performance of Nigerian student, hence, this study.This study, when concluded will contribute immensely to literature on effects of social networking sites on academic performance of Obafemi Awolowo Universit y students and Nigerian students at large. However, the assumptions by many people that social networking sites have made students lose focus because of the temptation to abandon their homework, reading times in preference for chatting online with their friends on their preferred social networking sites and thus reduce academic performance of student using it as a vague one because social networking sites have helped in a number of ways.In other word, this is a vague or an incorrect assumption as there is no practical evidence to underpin or support this beyond a reasonable doubt. In fact, social networking sites have made many students to be socially informed as against the times when social networking sites were not operational. Moreover, many students indulged in using social networking sites and yet, performing well in school or organization. So, it would be wrong to assume that social networking sites would affect the performance of students in school because social networking site has its own importance.On this note, it will be reasonable to look at the social networking sites and students’ academic performance so as to reach a conclusion whether social networking sites have affected the performance of students in school or not. Also, students are different in terms of the social networking sites and preference for each social networking site because of the purpose that each of these networking sites serves them.This is the reason why it would be necessary to look at the preference students have for each social networking site in order to understand the mostly preferred social networking site among OAU students. 3. Research questions In line with the aforementioned problems, the following research questions are raised: What is the extent of use of social networking sites among OAU students? How does sex of the students determine the preferred site? III. What are the impacts of social networking sites on OAU students’ social life?IV. What is the relationship between social networking and students’ academic performance in OAU? V. Which social networking site is the most preferred among OAU students? 4. Research objectives This study is designed to investigate the impact of social networking sites on the social life and academic performance among OAU students. Specifically, the objectives of this study are to i. determine the extent of use of networking sites by OAU students; ii. examine the influence of sex differences on preferred sites; iii. nvestigate the impacts of social networking sites on students’ social life in OAU; iv. discover the relationship between social networking sites and students’ academic performance and; v. investigate the mostly preferred social networking sites among OAU students. 1. 5. Significance of the study The study is significant in that it attempts to investigate the impacts of social networking sites on academic performance of Obafemi Awolowo University students. In t his, the study will examine some salient issues such as the relationship between sex of students and preference of social etworking sites, the relationship between social networking sites and student academic performance, and the investigation of the mostly preferred social networking site among Obafemi Awolowo University students. Firstly, by examining these previously stated objectives, those in active service or workers in various organizations stand a greater chance of benefiting from this study because they will be sensitized on the impacts of social networking sites on students’ social life and subsequently sensitize students on how to make a rightful use of social networking sites.Secondly, the study will increase the body of knowledge in the literature in the sense that all areas that are not fully touched or explored in the literature will be extensively explored and this process will subsequently help to increase the body of knowledge in the literature so that users of the literature on social networking will be able to use the results of this study and set a ground for new research in this area. Finally, all upcoming researchers will benefit immensely from the results of this study in the sense that the results of this study will further help to set or a foothold to conduct their own study in this area. . 6. Scope of the study This study is a case study of Obafemi Awolowo University students on the use of social networking sites. This study will examine the effects of social networking sites on student social life, the relationship between social networking sites and student’s academic performance, and the investigation of mostly preferred social networking site among Obafemi Awolowo University students. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter presents the review of literature of the research that has been conducted in this field of study.Therefore, the review is woven around social networking sites and social life, social networkin g sites and students’ academic performance, and the most preferred social networking site. 2. 1. SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES Social networking site is a type of virtual communication that allows people to connect with each other. This concept arises from basic need of human beings to stay together in groups forming a community. Michael Wesch, cultural anthropologist at Kansas State University, compared the tribal societies to online social networking.Like the tribal culture, in Facebook people project their identity by demonstrating their relationships to each other. You define yourself in terms of who your friends are (Wright, 2007). Wikipedia defines social network service as online platform that focus on building and reflecting social networks or social relations among people who share interests and activities. Social networking sites, email, instant messaging, video- and photo- sharing sites and comment posting are all tools that help people to communicate and socialize with each other (Mooney, 2009). The first social networking site SixDegrees. om was launched in 1997. It allowed users to create profiles, list their friends and surf the friends list (Boyd D. M, & Ellison N. B, 2007). Starting from 1997 to 2010 there are some 1. 5 billion users of social networking websites (Kreutz, 2009). People join social networking sites because it gives them an opportunity to express their views, a feel of independency and self esteem. It takes a few seconds to create a virtual profile and connect with millions of users across the world, becomes more interesting because you can stay connected with old friends and family members.But now, using social media or networking sites like Facebook and Twitter have become part and parcel of modern adolescence or students in many schools or homes. In fact, this generation is the first to have gone through their entire teen years with Facebook and other social networking sites at their fingertips. However, communications media whether pen and paper, phone calls, Facebook, or Twitter can worsen or alleviate the students’ social life or even do both at the same time.According to a survey, 90% of all American teens have used social media, three-quarters of them have a social networking profile, and nearly one in three teens visits their social networking profile several times a day or more. Given how pervasive social media are today, many parents, educators, and other adults are deeply interested in the role of these media in students’ or teens’ lives. Some are optimistic about the potential benefits of social media for learning, development, and creativity; others are concerned about the negative impact these media may have, especially when it comes to teens’ social and emotional well-being.An emerging set of survey research helps document and quantify young people’s use of social network sites and looks at the tone of their online communications (Lenhardt A, 2011). And a growing body of in-depth qualitative research helps capture the complexities and nuances of the way social media use plays out in teens’ lives (Boyd D. M, 2009; Turkle S, 2011; Ito, 2010). These in-depth ethnographies of young people paint a detailed portrait of how social media can affect an individual teen’s life, offering the nuances that a large-scale survey cannot.Some of these researches have focused on young people whose social media use had led to anxiety or estrangement from family and friends (Turkle S, 2011), while other researches have highlighted those teens for whom social media use has facilitated important connections and amazing accomplishments (Ito M, 2010). Allen, J. P, Evans, M. A, Hare, A. L, & Mikami, A. Y. (2010) hypothesized that the young people who participated in online social networking would be more socially adjusted. They also examined how adult communication was affected, which will be discussed later in this review.The researchers condu cted a longitudinal study on 172 participants. First, they surveyed and interviewed preteens on their peer sociometric status, positive and negative peer interaction, and symptoms of depression. The mothers of these preteens were surveyed about their children’s deviant behaviors. When participants reached young adulthood, the researchers asked for access to their facebook pages if they possessed one. Allen et al. coded 92 Facebook pages for number of friends, connection with friends, friend displays of support, hostile profile biographies, and inappropriate pictures.They also surveyed these 92 young adults on the quality of their friendships and symptoms of depression. Finally, they asked friends of the participants to complete the Young Adult Behavior Checklist. After performing an ordinary least squares hierarchical multiple regressions on each variable, these Online Social Networking’s Effect on Adolescent Social Development researchers found preteens who had displa yed negativity in friendships and reported symptoms of depression were less likely to possess a social networking profile.In contrast, early adolescents who reported more positive intimate friendships were more liable to possess a webpage. This article also supports the rich get richer theory. Kramer N. C and Winter S (2008) did a study on how self? esteem, extraversion, self? efficacy, and self? presentation are affected by online social networking. Their first hypothesis explored the relationship between presenting oneself on social networking sites and extraversion. They conducted their study on 58 young people who were members of studiVZ, which is a German social networking website much like Facebook.These youths completed a survey on their level of extraversion, self? esteem, and ability to effectively present themselves. Then the participant’s profiles were assessed based on numbers of friends, groups, photos, biographical fields completed, and words. They also checked profiles for real names, political leanings, and relationship status. The researchers conducted a multivariate analysis of variance using extroversion as the stable factor. They discovered a positive correlation existed between extraverted individuals and a more creative profile picture.However, no other significant relationships showed up in their analysis. These research findings were inconclusive and support neither the rich get richer nor the social compensation hypothesizes. DeGroot, J. M. , Ledbetter, A. M. , Mao, Y. , Meyer, K. R. , & Swafford, B. (2011) conducted an extensive study on young people’s feelings towards socially connecting online and self? disclosure as predictors of communication on facebook as well as the level of intimacy in relationships. Their study included nine hypotheses, two of which are relevant to this examination of findings on the two motive hypotheses.The researchers ask if online social connection (OSC) has a positive relationship Online So cial Networking’s Effect on Adolescent Social Development with the frequency of face? to? face communication with Facebook friends and if communicating on Facebook is positively correlated with personal interactions with Facebook friends. There were 325 Facebook users who participated in this study. They were surveyed on their attitude towards online communication and then asked questions about a randomly selected facebook friend.These questions included where the friend lived, amount of facebook communication with this friend, non? Internet communication with this friend, and how close they were to this friend. After analysis, the results showed that OSC has a positive relationship with communication via Facebook when online self-disclosure is low. They also found that personal interaction with a friend made it very probable for Facebook communication to occur. Evidence for the rich get richer hypothesis is shown in this study.Regan P and Seeves V (2010) analyzed research an d discussed the way online social networking could empower young people. The authors explained that adolescents have been the first to use social networking sites because their age group is predisposed to focus on peer interactions and social relations. They also discussed the social capital model and describe the way in which social networking websites allow young people to maintain existing friendships, make new friends, and search for past friends in order to renew old relationships.Thus online social networks are able to both bridge and bond social capital by Online Social Networking’s Effect on Adolescent Social Development 10connecting large groups of people in loose networks and allowing for communication that fosters relationship closeness. In their final comments on relationships the authors suggest that self? esteem may be boosted by the relationships and feelings of connection and integration these social networks provide. These relationships in networks might even help socially isolated youths feel more included.People spent hours chatting with their friends and browsing profiles on social networking sites. It becomes a compulsive habit to visit own profile several times in a day for checking friends’ updates, changing status, and commenting on others photos and videos. Finally it diverts employee’ attention from the office work. A study conducted by Nucleus Research with 237 corporate employees shows 77 percent of them use Facebook during work hours. And it results in 1. 5% drop in employee productivity for those companies allowing full access to Facebook (Gaudin, S 2009). Another study y Robert Half Technology, an IT staffing firm, says â€Å"54% of U. S. companies have banned workers from using social networking sites while on the job† (Gaudin, 2009). This was further affirmed by a survey of 3500 UK companies, it says 233 million hours are lost every month as a result of employees wasting time on social networking sit es (â€Å"Facebook costs business,† 2007). Mike Huss, director of employment law at Peninsula says â€Å"All firms should block access to sites such as Facebook. Why should employers allow their workers to waste two hours a day on Facebook when they are being paid to do a job†.Portsmouth City Council blocked access to Facebook after it found its 4,500 staff logged on for 270,000 times a month, and they collectively waste 572 hours (71 working days) in just one month (Kisiel, 2009). This problem is much intense in developed countries and, in extreme cases, the employees are sacked because of this. After all it is a waste of public money because of social networking sites. According to a report from a Common Sense Media Research Study, many more teens reported a positive impact of social media use on their emotional well-being than a negative one.Most teens don’t think their use of social media affects their social and emotional well-being one way or the other. Bu t there are some teens who think that using social media does affect how they feel about themselves and their social situation. More than one in four teens say that using their social networking site makes them feel less shy (29%) and more outgoing (28%); one in five says it makes them feel more confident (20%), more popular (19%), and more sympathetic to others (19%); and 15% say it makes them feel better about themselves.By comparison, only 5% say social networking makes them feel less outgoing; 4% feel worse about themselves, less confident, and less popular after using their social networking site; and 3% feel shyer. Very few teens think that using their social network site makes them more depressed. Among all teen social network users, only 5% say using their social networking site makes them feel more depressed, compared to 10% who say it makes them feel less depressed.Even among the least happy teens in this study (the 10% of all teens who say they are often sad or depressed and aren’t very happy with their lives), 18% say using their social networking site makes them feel more depressed, while 13% say it lessens their depression. In particular, teens think that using social media has helped their relationships. Half (52%) of all teen social media users say using such media has mainly helped their relationships with friends, compared to just 4% who say social media use has mainly hurt their relationships.Similarly, more than a third (37%) says social media use has mainly helped their relationships with family members, compared to 2% who say it has mainly hurt them. In addition, a majority of teens say social media help them keep in touch with friends they cannot see regularly (88%), get to know other students at their school better (69%), and connect with new people who share a common interest (57%). Finally, social networking site that was once thought to be helping people across the world to unite and making new relationship can also damage the relationship and make life miserable.Imagine one day you find, your spouse updated his marital status to single on Facebook. And people posting comments about your sad break up. How cheap has our relationships in the age of social networking become? A survey by the American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers (AAML) reveals Facebook is the main reason behind one out of five divorces in the US. It also says 80 percent of divorce lawyers use social networking site to gather evidence. Flirty messages, photographs and other personal information that you share on Facebook can be used as proof of infidelity.Mark Keenan, managing director of Divorce Online says: â€Å"The most common reason is people having inappropriate sexual chats with people they were not supposed to† (â€Å"Facebook causes one,† 2010). Facebook is fuelling divorce rate because it easily reunites old lovers and acts as a secret platform for dating. A research conducted on 308 Facebook users found majority of participants (74. 6%) are likely to add previous romantic or sexual partner as friends on Facebook. John, M (2009). It also shows time spent on Facebook increasing jealousy related feelings. Some people’s lirting comment on your profile can make your partner feeling aggressive and jealousy. And this starts the beginning of a break up. Dr. Marlene Maheu, author of the book â€Å"Infidelity on the Internet and a Psychologist†, says â€Å"Cyber Infidelity occurs when a partner in a committed relationship uses the computer or the internet to violate promises concerning sexual exclusiveness (Maheu, 2002)†. Today social networking sites make it easier, with situations whereby your spouse does not feel good to have sex with you but seeks sexual solicitation from a facebook friend.In fact, there are sites dedicated to facebook cheating; ‘facebookcheating. com’ providing tips on how to catch a cheating spouse in the social networking sites. 2. 2. SOCIAL NETW ORKING SITES AND STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE The impact of the social networking site on education is an important issue that has caught both educators’ and practitioners’ attention in recent years. There is a growing body of studies emphasizing that individuals are embedded in their societies.Thus, the related social structure, though sometimes invisible, is often associated with instrumental outcomes, including power, innovation, learning outcomes, and job performance. Haythornthwaite examined the distance learners’ interactions in class and profiled students’ roles and information exchange among distance learners’ social networks. In a university course, Guldner and Stone-Winestock empirically demonstrated that appropriate arrangement of groups according to each student’s position in a social network might increase the student’s learning satisfaction and academic performance.Students are paying more attention towards thes e social networking activities rather than utilizing this time for their studies and this surely affects their academic performance as Thomas (1987) stated that activities of students are associated with grade-related differences among them. Several studies have been done regarding social networking and grades. Whittemore School of Business and Economics recently conducted a survey of over 1,000 students. They asked questions regarding which social network sites were used, how much time they spent on a site, what their grade point average (GPA) was, and what they were going to school for.It was concluded that there is no correlation between how much time is spent on a social networking site and grades (Martin, 2009). The University of New Hampshire agrees, and believes that current college students grew up in the technology era and social networking is now just a part of a student's daily routine. Their research show that â€Å"63% of heavy users received high grades, compared to 6 5% of light users† (U of NH, 2009). The University of New Hampshire said that a majority of students use social networking for social connections and entertainment, but are also using it for education and professional reasons.Northwestern University recently published research stating that social networking sites are not affecting students' GPAs. In fact, ethnic background, and parental education appears to have more of an influence than the amount of time used on social networking sites. Northwestern researchers believe that â€Å"social networking use didn't affect the difference in GPAs between male and female or white and African American students. However, social network use did eliminate the difference in GPAs between students whose parents had differing levels of higher education† Cheng, J. 2010). When researchers controlled the demographic of parental education, there seemed to be a positive relationship between internet use and GPA. However, there are always tw o sides to every story. Karpinski focused on the relationship between time spent on Facebook and the academic performance of students (San Miguel, 2009). The overall finding indicated â€Å"more time on Facebook equals slightly lower grades† San Miguel, (2009). In Karpinski's study the average Facebook user had a GPA of 3. 0 to 3. 5, while the non-Facebook user had a GPA of 3. 5-4. 0.Also, the average Facebook user studied for 1-5 hours per week, while the non-Facebook user would student 11-15 hours per week. Many researchers are aware that Facebook is not the only thing that could possibly be taking away study time. However, 55% of those surveyed â€Å"access their pages several times a day or at least once a day for a long period of time† (San Miguel, 2009). Kirschnera revealed that students who multi-task between social networking sites and homework are likely to have 20% lower grades than a student who does not have a social networking site in visual range.Kirschne ra believes that even running a social networking site on the background on a student's PC while studying or doing homework could lower a student's grade. He believes that â€Å"the problem is that most people have Facebook or other social networking sites, their e-mails and maybe instant messaging constantly running in the background while they are carrying out their tasks† (Enriquez, J. G. 2010). Users of Facebook have an average â€Å"GPA of 3. 06, while non-users have an average GAP of 3. 82† (Choney, 2010). Facebook, and other social media websites, are beginning to take up more time due to our society's increasing reliance on computers.At the American Educational Research Association 2009 annual conference a presentation stated that United States college students who use social networking sites tend to have lower grades. Again, researchers found the same findings as Karpinski. Students who work tends to use social networking sites less than those students who are more activities based within campus. However, researchers indicated that they could not be certain that Facebook use was the direct link to lower grades because of less studying† but they felt that it was an obvious connection to make (Schneider, 2009).Englander (2010) proclaimed that internet usage is negatively associated with academic performance of student users and destructive impact of internet usage is far more momentous than its advantages. Internet addiction has come forth as a result of striking boost in internet usage over the past few decades. Nalwa. K. , Anand. A. P (2003) proposed that addicted users prefer using internet setting back their personal and professional responsibilities and this ultimately leads to poor academic performance. Kubey, R. W. , Lavin, M. J. , and Barrows, J. R. 2001) proposed that impairment of academic performance and internet dependency are correlated with the use of synchronous communication applications including social networking si tes and chat rooms. Similarly, Banquil and Burce (2009) found a continuing drop of grades among student users of social networking sites. Also, Boogart and Robert (2006) declared that use of social networking sites and Facebook detrimental impacts on academic performance of student users. Then, Grabmeier (2009) observed lower GPAs among students who log in any social networking sites.Internet abuses are increasing at an alarming rate and putting forward a serious need to promote usage regulations among student users. While using social networking sites, issues of privacy, identity protection, and e-professionalism must be paid attention. Students, using internet more, scored higher on reading skills test and had higher grades as well (Linda 2006). Also it has been found that Facebook usage is helpful for cure in case of some psychological problems including low life-satisfaction and low self-esteem (Ellison et al. , 2007).Social networking sites also provide a rich mean of interacti on between teachers and students as stated by Roblyer (2010). Shah (2001) proposed that informational use of internet is positively correlated with civic indicators of social capital such as civic engagement, interpersonal trust, and life contentment. Pasek, J. , Kenski K. , Romer D. , Jamieson K. H. (2006) stated that a site-specific culture can both positive and negatively affect the building of social capital and found that Facebook usage is not positively associated with lower grades of the students rather found Facebook users scoring higher grades.No association was found between GPAs of student users and Facebook usage in a study conducted by Kolek, E. A and Saunders, D (2008). Social networking sites promote interactivity among students and teachers. In a research Lovitts, B. E and Nelson, C. (2000) found that strong integration of students into their professional and social life is sturdily correlated to the successful completion of their degree. In view of the contrasting f indings mentioned above, Current study specifically aims at exploring the relationship between social networking sites usage and educational performance of the student users.CHAPTER THREE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK In this study, two theoretical orientations in sociology shall be employed to explain the impact of social networking sites on the academic performance of students. These sociological approaches are Uses and Gratification Theory, a perspective that places more focus on the consumer or audience instead of the actual message itself and Media Dependency Theory which posits that media influence is determined by the interrelations between the media, its audience, and society.The study is anchored on both theories. 3. 1Uses and Gratification Theory According to Katz (1959), gratification theory is concerned with what people do with media rather than what media does to people. Sociologists such as Louis Wirth (1897-1952) and Talcott Parsons (1902–1979) have emphasized the impo rtance of mass media as instruments of social control. What mass communication scholars today refer to as the uses and gratifications approach is generally recognized to be a sub-tradition of media effects research (McQuail, 1994).Early in the history of communications research, an approach was developed to study the gratifications that attract and hold audiences to the kinds of media and the types of content that satisfy their social and psychological needs (Cantril, 1942). Much early effects research adopted the experimental or quasi-experimental approach, in which communication conditions were manipulated in search of general lessons about how better to communicate, or about the unintended consequences of messages (Klapper, 1960). Assumption of Uses and Gratifications Theory The assumptions of uses and gratifications theory are as follow: . There is not merely one way that people use media but there are many ways and reasons for using it (Blumer, 1979). 2. People have freewill to decide how they will use media and how it will affect them. 3. People using media can choose the influence media has on them as well as the idea that users choose media alternatives merely as a means to an end (Katz, 1959). Uses and gratifications researchers produced multiple responses. Katz, Gurevitch, and Haas (1973) assembled a comprehensive list of social and psychological needs said to be satisfied by exposure to mass media.Rosengren (1974), attempting to theoretically refine uses and gratifications, suggested that certain basic needs interact with personal characteristics and the social environment of the individual to produce perceived problems and perceived solutions. Those problems and solutions constitute different motives for gratification behavior that can come from using the media or other activities. Together media use or other behaviors produce gratification (or non-gratification) that has an impact on the individual or society, thereby starting the process anew. Ap plication of Uses and Gratifications Theory to this studySocial networking sites are numerous and effective in disseminating information quickly. The rate at which information is moving around the world is very high that in a twinkling of an eye a piece of information can travel from one end of the world to another. Social networking sites available in Nigeria include Facebook, Twitter and Yahoo chat among others. There are many ways and reasons for using these social networking sites. The most common reason for using them by students is to meet and relate with friends both within country and around the world.In reality, there is no law as to which of the sites people and especially students can visit and when and how they can visit them. In Nigeria both young and old are free to join any of these social networks at will and in essence many young people have been engrossed in using them. The proliferation of Global System Mobile (GSM) in the country has really put the utility of the se social networks on the hands of people most especially students. As a result of this, students’ environment is charged with nothing but shouting of pinging and chatting both day and night. Negative effect of social networking sites cannot be underemphasized.The focus of this study is the effect of these social networking sites among Obafemi Awolowo University students. The effect can be seen mostly on the academic performance of the students and their social life. This can be linked to the number of hours pinging and chatting is taking out of their time. Many students prefer securing phones that can browse to buying textbooks and lecture materials needed for their academics. It has been the habit of many students to be chatting while lectures are on and some even take it into examination hall to perpetrate examination malpractice.The failure of uses and gratifications theory to underscore the relationship between social network, its audience and society necessitated the us e of a complimentary theory. Media Dependency Theory Media dependency theory is a theoretical approach which establishes that media influence is determined by the interrelations among the media, the audience, and society (DeFleurand Ball-Rokeach, 1982). The individual’s desire for information from the media is the primary variable in explaining why media messages have cognitive, affective, or variable effects.Media dependency is high when an individual’s goal satisfaction relies on information from the media system (Ball-Rokeach, 1985). Rubin and Windahl (1986) augmented the dependency model to include the gratifications sought by the audiences an interactive component with media dependency. For Rubin and Windahl, the combination of gratifications sought and socially determined dependency produced media effects. They argued that dependency on a medium or a message results when individuals either intentionally seek out information or ritualistically use specific communi cation media channels or messages.For example, McIlwraith (1998) found that self-labeled â€Å"TV addicts† often used television to distract themselves from unpleasant thoughts, to regulate moods, and to fill time. Application of Media dependency Theory to this study The failure of uses and gratifications theory to consider the relationship among the social network, the users and the society necessitates the use of media dependency theory. The characteristics of the users will determine the level and volume of interaction between the users and the social network.The type of information sought will also have effect on the dependency of the users on the network. Population under study is students who are mostly unmarried youths. The large population of interest has increased the intensity of use of social network among the students. The satisfaction derived from using the social network has turned thousands of students â€Å"social network addicts. † Society at large see ms not to be helping the trend. Family and parents’ contribution is overwhelming in the sense that they are the ones procuring the handsets to their wards.Government, schools and religious organizations are yet to have influence over how people, especially students, are using these social networking sites. Conceptual framework Variables are set out in this part. These variables include independent variable, dependent variable(s) and intervening variable(s). Independent variable is the variable that is systematically manipulated so that the effect on the dependent variable can be observed. Dependent variable is the outcome variable which is hypothesized to vary under an influence. Figure 3. : Conceptual framework of the effect of social networking sites on the academic performance. Independent Variable Dependent Variable Intervening Variables | | |Good academic performance | It is my assumption that students who use social networking sites get addicted to it, they use the site s during classes and experience reduction in their study time. These would lead to poor academic performance. However, a reduction in time spent on social networking sites would result in good academic performance. HypothesesBased on the assumptions, the following hypotheses can be derived; Hypothesis 1; there is no relationship between social networking sites and student’s academic performance. Hypothesis 2; there is no relationship between the sex of a students and preference of social networking sites. CHAPTER FOUR METHODOLOGY The aim of this section is to present in detail the method that was used in carrying out this study. It deals with the process taken in carrying out the study under investigation. Quantitative technique was and involving the administration of questionnaire.This chapter thus discusses research design, the area of the study or population of interest, sample size and sampling procedures, data collection method, validation of research instrument and test ing, and method of data analysis. 4. 1 RESEARCH DESIGN This study is a survey design research as it gears towards understanding the effect of social networking sites on academic performance. However, for the purpose of this study, cross-sectional design was used since the idea was to measure some variables at a single time and besides, most surveys are cross-sectional. . 2AREA OF THE STUDY AND POPULATION OF INTEREST This study was conducted among students of Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife. Ile-Ife is a town in Osun State, South-Western Nigeria. Osun State was carved out of Oyo Sate on August 27, 1991 during the regime of General Ibrahim Babangida. Its capital is Osogbo. Osun State is landlocked and occupies 9251 kilometers. The university was founded in 1962. the university was formerly called university of Ife and was later changed to Obafemi Awolowo University in 1987 following the death of one of its co-founder.The university is situated on a large expanse of land totaling 11 ,861 hectares in Ile-Ife. The university has many structures and human resources. The university comprises of over 25,000 students, central campus, residential area for students, staff quarters, teaching and non-teaching staff as well as teaching hospital and a research farm. 3. SAMPLING SIZE AND SAMPLING PROCEDURE The population of interest for this study is Obafemi Awolowo University students. The sampling method that will be used for this study is accidental sampling which falls under non-probability sampling.Therefore, people will be selected based on their availability. Overall, the sample of hundred people will be investigated with the instrument, questionnaire. From the sample selected, the data as regards the previously stated objectives will be collected from the selected respondents and the data will be used to prove the hypothesis right or wrong. 4. 4 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION The research methodology used for this study was quantitative research methodology and it comman ded the use of questionnaire as an instrument for collecting data in this study.This questionnaire was self administered to the respondents in other to gather data relevant to the issues under discussion. However, for good understanding of the impact of social networking sites on student’s academic performance, primary data was used because data from the source is preferably to data that has been collected previously in which little is known whether it is correct or not and based on the fact that change is constant as things can change at anytime and it will be bad to rely on false information.Therefore, the primary source of data was used for this study as it provided basic reliable and concrete information from the respondents. Primary data refers to data obtained from the originator of the data (Fagboungbe 1993). The questionnaire was the major source of my data collection. For the purpose of this study, interview cannot be used because not many students have much time to spend with the interviewer because of other activities they may want to attend to and for this reason, interview method would be time consuming because moving from ne person to another with interview guide with a view of collecting data from them would be difficult. Hence, the questionnaire in this case was divided into four sections: Section A solicited for information on the socio-economic data of the students, Section B was concerned with the questions on the impacts of socio-networking sites on student’s social life. Section C inquired more information on the effects of social networking sites on student’s academic performance. Finally, section D asked information on the commonly used social networking site and the reason for the preference. 4. VALIDATION OF RESEARCH INSTRUMENT The instrument was validated using face validity. The questions asked in this questionnaire totally reflected what was needed to understand the view of respondents on the impact of social ne tworking sites on student’s academic performance. In short, the questions asked in this questionnaire are germane to the issue of social networking sites and student’s academic performance. METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS The data was collected from the participants and was subjected to statistical analysis using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software for windows.The responses of the participants were subjected to analysis using descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages. The analysis of the data was done in stages. Firstly, the data was pre-coded for easy entry of the data into spreadsheet. Secondly, the coded data was carefully entered into a spreadsheet and therefore, proper verification of the data entered into the spreadsheet was made. Thirdly, the analysis of the data was done and tables showing the frequencies and percentages of the results of analysis were derived.The fourth and last stage showed the interpretation of the results of the analysis. Lastly, the basis of decision is making inferences on result of analysis of the responses that were given by the respondents and consequently, the result of analysis of the responses supplied by the respondents was compared with the literature review and the theories used. After these, decisions were drawn from the students’ responses. CHAPTER FIVE DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS Frequency distribution of respondents by socio demographic characteristicsThe table shows the distribution of respondents by their socio demographic characteristics: the distribution by sex shows that 68% of the respondents were males while 32% of them were female. As regards the age of the respondents 26% of the respondents were in the age range 15-20, 55% were in the age group 21-25, 17% of them were in the age group 26-30 while 2% were in the age group 30 and above. Also, the religious affiliation also shows that 79% were of the Christian faith while 21% of the respondents were Muslims.More so, the distribution by ethnicity also shows that 70% were Yoruba, 8% of them were Hausa, and 16% were Igbo while the remaining 6% were from other tribes. The distribution by marital status also shows that 87% of them were singles while 13% of the respondents were also married. |Socio demographic characteristic |Frequency |% | |Sex: | | | |Male |68 |68. 0 | |Female |32 |32. 00 | |Total |100 |100. 00 | |Age: | | | |15-20 |26 |26. 0 | |21-25 |55 |55. 00 | |26-30 |17 |17. 00 | |30 and above |2 |2. 00 | |Total |100 |100. 0 | |Religious affiliation: | | | |Christianity |79 |79. 00 | |Islam |21 |21. 00 | |Total |100 |100. 0 | |Ethnicity: | | | |Yoruba |70 |70. 00 | |Hausa |8 |8. 00 | |Igbo |16 |16. 00 | |Others |6 |6. 0 | |Total |100 |100. 00 | |Marital status: | | | |Single |87 |87. 00 | |Married |13 |13. 0 | |Total |100 |100. 00 | SOURCE: FIELD SURVEY 2013 Frequency distribution of respondents by the social networking sites and social life. The table shows the il lustration of respondents by their social networking sites and social life: as regards using my social networking site has helped connect me with new people who share a common interest, hobby or active of mine shows that 83% strongly agree,12% strongly disagree while 5% said there is no comment.Also, regarding using my social networking site often distract me when I should be paying attention to the people I’m with showed that 37% of them strongly agree, 46% strongly disagree while 17% had no comment. More so, the distribution by using my social networking site has helped me stay in touch with friends I can’t see on a regular basis indicated that 90% strongly agree, 9% strongly disagree while 1% had no comment. Social networking sites and social life |Frequency |% | |Using my social networking site has helped me stay in touch with | | | |friends I can’t see on a regular basis: | | | |Strongly agree | | | |Strongly disagree |90 |90. 0 | |No comment |9 |9. 00 | |T otal |1 |1. 00 | | |100 |100. 0 | |Using my social networking site has helped connect me with new people| | | |who share a common interest, hobby, or activity of mine: | | | |Strongly agree | | | |Strongly disagree |83 |83. 00 | |No comment |12 |12. 0 | |Total |5 |5. 00 | | |100 |100. 00 | |Using my social networking site often distract me when I should be | | | |paying attention to the people I’m with: | | | |Strongly agree |37 |37. 0 | |Strongly disagree |46 |46. 00 | |No comment |17 |17. 00 | |Total |100 |100. 0 | |Using my social networking site has helped me be more aware of | | | |current events: | | | |Strongly agree |90 |90. 00 | |Strongly disagree |8 |8. 00 | |No comment |2 |2. 0 | |Total |100 |100. 00 | SOURCE: FIELD SURVEY 2013 Frequency distribution of respondents by social networking sites and academic performance The table shows the distribution of respondents by social networking sites and academic performance; those who said they currently have a profile on a social networking site 95% of them has while 5% does not have. Also, with those who often visit the site 76% of them visit there very often, 9% rarely visits there while 15% visits the site sometimes.Regarding those who visit the site to text or message people while in class 73% of the respondents sometimes use the site while 43% said no. regarding changes in your grade in class 35% said they noticed it while 65% said they did not notice any change in their grade. |Social networking sites and academic performance |Frequency |% | |Do you currently have a profile on a social networking site such as | | | |Facebook, Myspace, or some other site? | | |Yes | | | |No |95 |95. 00 | |Total |5 |5. 00 | | |100 |100. 00 | |How often do you visit this site? | | |Very often |76 |76. 00 | |Rarely |9 |9. 00 | |Sometimes |15 |15. 00 | |Total |100 |100. 0 | |Do you sometimes use this site to text or messaging people while in | | | |class? | | | |Yes |57 |57. 00 | |No |43 |43. 00 | |Total |100 |100. 0 | |Have you noticed any change in your grade in class? | | | |Yes | | | |No |35 |35. 00 | |Total |65 |65. 00 | | |100 |100. 0 | SOURCE: FIELD SURVEY 2013 Frequency distribution of respondents by commonly used social networking site The table shows the distribution of respondents by commonly used social networking site; those who said they were using the social networking 54% shows that they were using Facebook, 3% of them were using 2go, 27% of them were using Twitter, 4% were using Myspace while 12% of them were using other social networking sites. With those who said they cannot do in a day without visiting the site shows that 61% said yes while 39% said no. ith the main way you check your social networking site 61% shows that from my cell phone or other mobile device, 17% were checking from a laptop or desktop computer while 22% were using both equally. |Commonly used social networking site |Frequency |% | |Which social networking do you mainly use? | | | |Facebook |54 |54. 0 | |2go |3 |3. 00 | |Twitter |27 |27. 00 | |Myspace |4 |4. 00 | |Others |12 |12. 0 | |Total |100 |100. 00 | |Can you do in a day without visiting this site? | | | |Yes |61 |61. 00 | |No |39 |39. 0 | |Total |100 |100. 00 | |What is the main way you check your social networking site? | | | |From my cell phone or other mobile device | | | |From a laptop or desktop computer |61 |61. 0 | |Both equally |17 |17. 00 | |Total |22 |22. 00 | | |100 |100. 00 | SOURCE: FIELD SURVEY 2013 5. 5Test of hypotheses 1. There is no relationship between the sex of student and preference of social networking sites. 2.There is no relationship between social networking sites and student’s academic performance. Hypothesis 1 Ho: there exist no relationships between the sex of students and preference of social networking sites H1: there exists a relationship between the sex of students and preference of social networking sites. | |Value |Degree of freedom |p-value | |Pearson chi-square |0. 4417 |2 |0. 802 | Critical region: reject Ho if p-value