The Violence Against Women Act - 1498 Words

The final decade of the 20th century yielded many changes as the result of third-wave feminism. In 1993, the United Nations enacted the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women which called religious and cultural customs an excuse for gender-based violence (Goldscheid, 2008). In the early ‘90s, the Surgeon General referred to domestic violence as a threat to the health of Americans and in a similar move, the American Medical Association created a campaign targeted at ending domestic violence (Eisler, 1992). Taking its first formal stance on the issue, the outcry of the people lead the United States to pass the Violence Against Women Act in 1994. Like the majority of social movements, the third wave of feminism originated from the actions actions of grassroots organizations. In regards to support for the Violence Against Women Act, most of these groups were composed of victims of gender-based crime such as major interest groups like the National Network to End Do mestic Violence, the National Organization for Women, Written by then Senator Joe Biden, the Violence Against Women Act was passed as part of the massive Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994. The first of its kind, the bill encompassed a number of protections to women that were victims of gender-based crime. In order to implement the act, the agency known as The Office on Violence Against Women (OVW) was created as part of the Department of Justice. The office’s main objective isShow MoreRelatedThe Violence Against Women Act914 Words   |  4 PagesPolitical Context Long before its enactment on September 13, 1994, the foundation for the Violence Against Women Act was being constructed. More than 140 years ago, members of the U.S. government were working to end the injustice of violence against women when, in 1871, Alabama was the first state to make it illegal for a man to beat his wife (U.S. Department of Justice, 2010). In 1967, one of the first domestic violence shelters in the country opened its doors in Maine; and from that time until 1994, progressRead MoreThe Violence Against Women Act2057 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Intimate Partner Violence is a serious public health problem in the United States. On average, 24 people every minute, and 3 in 10 women and 1 in 10 men are victim to some form of rape, physical violence, or stalking by an intimate partner (CDC). Victims of IPV may suffer from a variety of different physical and psychological symptoms. They may suffer physical injuries, some minor, like cuts, scratches and bruises, and some more serious, that can lead to disability or death. They mayRead MoreThe Violence Against Women Act Essay1919 Words   |  8 Pageswoman in America – we have far more rights and privileges than either our colonial ancestors or women in many third world nations. Yet, even in my lifetime women have achieved milestones like the Violence Against Women Act, originally passed in 1994 but reauthorized and updated in 2013. Females in this country fight battles on many fronts that males, as a group, do not have to deal with on the same level. Women are sexually har assed, assaulted and raped far more than men. I myself have dealt with allRead MoreDomestic Violence Against Women Act910 Words   |  4 PagesDomestic violence affects millions of Americans in different circumstances annually. Over the years, the numbers of reported cases of domestic violence gained stable growth prompting social activists and legislators to draw stiff measures to counter the problem. About one in four women are affected by domestic violence in the United States. The Bureau of Justice Statistics estimates that at least four-hundred and seven-thousand incidents of domestic violence crimes were committed in the year 2010Read MoreDomestic Violence Against Women Act1639 Words   |  7 Pagesfederal government to take part in the battle against domestic violence. This new law, named the VAWA, acknowledged that violence against women is a crime with far-reaching, harmful consequences for families, children and society (Domestic and Sexual Violence Data Collection, A Re port to Congress under the Violence Against Women Act, 1 [NIJ Research Report 1996]). To fight this violent crime problem, VAWA made federal domestic violence crimes to be act against by the Department of Justice. Reliable withRead MoreThe Violence Against Women Act Of 19941843 Words   |  8 Pages2016 The Violence Against Women Act of 1994 John Kingdon’s â€Å"Garbage Can† model argues that the policymaking process consists of three streams problems, politics, and policies that flow independently from one another. When these three streams meet it creates a window of opportunity and public policy is a result. The Violence Against Women Act of 1994 (VAWA) is an example of the Kingdon â€Å"Garbage Can model†. The VAWA was passed as part of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 inRead More Violence Against Women Act of 1994 Essay1391 Words   |  6 PagesFor centuries domestic violence has been perceived as a private matter private of which the government has not been concerned about nor was it considered the government’s business to intervene on behalf of a battered spouse. The unlawful nature of this failure for state or federal government intervention against this crime contributed to the systematic abuse of women in the family. The traditions, customs, and common law fo und in both British and American societies continued right up until the lastRead MoreDomestic Violence Against Women Act Of 19943515 Words   |  15 Pages Domestic Violence Health Policy Yuliet Pozo Martinez South University â€Æ' Abstract Despite the fact the physical effects of domestic violence could be the similar as for other forms of violent crime, the emotional effects can be much worse. Domestic violence happens when a crime is committed against a victim by someone with whom the victim is or has previously found, in a close relationship or somebody living in the same household as the victim. Domestic violence regulations differ fromRead MoreDomestic Violence Against Women Act Of 19942168 Words   |  9 PagesAbstract Despite the fact the physical effects of domestic violence could be the similar as for other forms of violent crime, the emotional effects can be much worse. Domestic violence happens when a crime is committed against a victim by someone with whom the victim is or has previously found, in a close relationship or somebody living in the same household as the victim. Domestic violence regulations differ from state to state. These variances range from conceptualization to the requirements underRead MoreViolence Against Women In India1556 Words   |  7 PagesViolence against women is not a problem of today; it is rooted decades before. It is present all over the world .The condition is getting worse day by day. It is crossing all the borders and races. Violence against women is a very serious and sensitive issue as it is one of the most pervasive of human rights violation denying fundamental rights to almost half of population (females and girls).Domestic violence is much more drastic than violence outside because home is a place where individual seeks

A Manager Communicating With Associates - 844 Words

A manager communicating with associates in China, using the Hofstede s cultural dimension, will be mindful of such things as power distance, individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance and many other variables. Power distance rankings 80, masculinity 66, uncertainty avoidance 30. A manager dealing with associates in China, will need to be aware of associates rankings and address them accordingly, because the higher ranking you have in China, the less your authority is questioned. China ranks 20 on hofstedes cultural dimensions power of individualism and this is considered very low, so a manager should inspire group activity in associates and focus less on individual work. The manager should group projects to associates, because the Chinese ranking is medium in masculinity and low in uncertainty avoidance due to their high inclination to be entrepreneurs they are willing to take on challenging tasks: (Geert-hofstede.com, 2016). Ireland ranks low in power distance with a score of 28, low in uncertainty avoidance with a score of 35, and high in individualism and masculinity with a score of 70 and 68 respectively. This implies that a manager dealing with associates in Ireland, must treat associates the same irrespective of their rankings and must also allow them to take more risks and take on more challenging tasks as they are more optimistic about their future. The manager must also treat associates as individuals as Ireland is a very competitive society and valuesShow MoreRelatedA Manager Communicating With Associates835 Words   |  4 PagesA manager communicating with associates in China using the Hofstede s cultural dimension, will be mindful of such things as power distance, individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance and many other variables. China s Power distance rankings is 80, masculinity 66 and uncertainty avoidance 30. A manager dealing with associates in China will need to be aware of asso ciates rankings and address them accordingly, because the higher ranking you have in China, the less your authority is questionedRead MoreImportant Element For Employee s Career Growth913 Words   |  4 Pagesmulticultural characteristics that hold people back. Their competence and performance were never an issue. All employees want to be included in communicating inclusiveness, multicultural employees tend to feel as though they are not included or that their opinion is not valued. Multicultural employees are considered to be polychromic employees. This leads managers to believe that they are not ready for a promotion and prefer to be stuck in their comfort zone. Moving from supporting role to headliner,Read MoreEffective Communication For A Managerial Level1587 Words   |  7 Pagesmanagerial level and to know your target audience; in addition, to determine the appropriate style and format of communicating with the audience. According to the business dictionary, the meaning of e ffective communication is A two way information sharing process which involves one party sending a message that is easily understood by the receiving party. Effective communication by business managers facilitates information sharing between company employees and can substantially contribute to its commercialRead MoreSample Resume : Maurices Store1250 Words   |  5 PagesThe company that I chose to do my presentation on is Maurices Store. I worked in retail as a manager for 12 years at the former County Seat and one of my assistants is still working retail as a manager at Maurices here in Dubuque. I was interested in choosing retail sales because it is where I started and I wanted to see how it has changed over the years. Maurices was founded in 1931 by E. Maurice Labovitz and is now owned by Ascena Retail Group, Inc. Maurices home office in located in Duluth, MinnesotaRead MoreEvaluating The Retention And Development Of Their Employees1201 Words   |  5 Pageslearned that a disproportionate number of good sales associates had left the organization. These sales associates could have been potentially strong candidates for the department manager and assistant department manager positions. Chern’s uses supervisor recommendations and structured interviews to promote about 75 percent of their sales associates to department managers and assistant department managers. In the exit interviews the sales associates indicated that they were leaving because they didn’tRead MoreEssay On Home Office1304 Words   |  6 Pagesfilled: Director of Operations, Director of Clinical Services, Manager of Office Operations, Manager of Clinical Services, Client Relation Executive, Team Coordinators, Clinician Team (Register Nurses, Licensed Practical Nurses, Physical Therapy and Assistants, Occupational Therapist and Assistants, Speech Therapist, and Medical Social Workers), and Home Health Aides. Outside of the office personal we have a regional team of managers: Regional Vice Present, Regional Director of Operations, and RegionalRead MoreImplementing Change Hcs/4751647 Words   |  7 Pagesnonstop development and revenue are a few examples motivating change. A system to the approach of change is motivation, assessment; planning, implementation, evaluation, and either choice of adoption or adjusting change processes (Dale Carnegie Associates, Inc., 2011). Leaders embark on a systematic detailed process of analyzing and assessment to determine the opportunities for change outweigh the risk associated to the strategy for change. Leadership asks informative and influential questionsRead MoreUnderstanding The Communication Approach At The Norton ( 1983 ) And De Vries1103 Words   |  5 PagesTheoretical Approach When managers or leaders are communicating to subordinates about business changes, or more specifically, restructuring or downsizing of the business, this requires the sender to determine the communication approach seen most appropriate for the receiver to interpret the message. In conjunction with the Norton (1983) and De Vries (2010), (2011) definitions, the leaders communication style, is a characteristic way of sending verbal or non-verbal communications during supervisor-subordinateRead MoreApplication Of A Continuous Learning Management770 Words   |  4 Pagesis provided as Learning on the Go to the associates and focuses on technologies which associates are working on. The CLP facilitates certifications and ongoing technical training of associates to meet the requirements of business. Leadership Development Program The program focuses on grooming of future global leaders. Associates are screened for eligibility and then put in thorough rigorous and in-house-brand programs. The company also encourages associates to take up courses in premier B schoolsRead MoreDesert Communications Call Center: Operational Changes1516 Words   |  7 Pagesto another representative. Managers also need to be observing each employee’s dialogue, to make sure they are to the point. Employees need to be more efficient when selling the new products on the phone. This would allow them to answer more phone calls. Finally, managers need to recognize and reward employees and teams for the highest product sales. This will help motivate the employees to work hard. Training Development Desert Communications requires the managers to develop a training plan

Apush Notes Great Depression Free Essays

A. The Great Depression was caused by an economic system out of balance. There was too much supply with little demand. We will write a custom essay sample on Apush Notes: Great Depression or any similar topic only for you Order Now This situation was created by monopoly pricing, unsound banking practices, overproduction, high tariffs, and tightening of money supply by Federal Reserve Board. B. A slump in economic activity with over speculation in stock and buying stocks on margin caused the stock market to crash in October 1929. The stock market crash marked the beginning of Great Depression. C. The Depression was characterized by high unemployment, foreclosures on homes, farms and businesses, closing of banks, and the drying up of credit, low purchasing power, and hunger. Many people grew concern that capitalism had failed and democracy couldn’t provide solutions to problems. D. President Hoover, a strong advocate of â€Å"rugged individualism† believed in minimal government interference to deal with Depression. He based his policy upon supplying optimism, expanding works, and loaning money and struggling banks. E. In 1932 summer, 20000 impoverished veterans from the First World War marched on Washington demanding early payment of a financial bonus that was due in 1945. After the bonus failed in Congress, President Hoover ordered the US army to evacuate the marching veterans from DC. The army, led by Douglas MacArthur, drove the veterans out. The armies’ handling the Bonus March ended Hoover’s chance for reelection and fostered a growing fear of revolution in America. F. President Hoover and his Republicans were blamed for Depression in election of 1932. Franklin Roosevelt was elected president, promising to save capitalism, help common man, and to provide work. Roosevelt was vague on his plans, except he would try anything. G. FDR’s plan to get nation out of Depression was called the New Deal. New Deal had policies of relief for the poor, recovery from Depression, and reform of the economic system. The first New Deal as passed during the first 100 days of his presidency. The left wing of politics liked the idea and passed the idea through Congress. Economy fell back into recession. Black Tuesday The day the stock market crashed. No buyers. Rugged individualism Social outlook promoting one’s goals and desires of independence. Hooverville This name was based on Hoover’s blame for depression. Families lost their homes because they couldn’t pay mortgages. Hawley-Smoot Tariff, 1930 Tax increase by Republican congress. Purpose was to satisfy US business leaders who a higher tariff would protect their markets from foreign competition. In retaliation, European countries made higher tariffs against US goods which reduced trade. Reconstruction Finance Corporation To prop up faltering railroads, banks, life insurance companies, and other financial institutions. Emergency loans would stabilize these businesses. The benefits would go down to smaller businesses and bring recovery. Democrats scoffed at this measure, saying it would only help the rich. How to cite Apush Notes: Great Depression, Essay examples

Analysis Different Concept of 3D Printing †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Analysis Different Concept of 3D Printing. Answer: Introduction In the present era, the technology changes can create a huge impact on the business and individual life. 3D printing is one of the latest technology which is used in the present era. In the present time, this technology has only limited impact or use in business and but the future can be associated with 3D printing easily. The present report makes analysis of the different concept of 3D printing and its impact on the traditional manufacturing techniques. 3D printing is additive manufacturing The 3D printing is also called as the additive manufacturing. The AM refers to the process used to create three-dimensional objects. In this technology, layers of material is imposed with the help of computer software. The process of raw material accumulation is controlled with the help of the computer. The raw material used in 3D printing is usually plastic, although other materials can also be used in the manufacturing process. The 3D printing utilizes the additive process and in the additive process objects are created by imposing successive layers of material by using the material until the project can become completed. The term additive technology is based metal manufacturing and is the part of pre-production context (Schubert, Van Langeveld and Donoso, 2014). On the other hand, the 3D printing is used in polymer manufacturing. Both technologies share a theme of sequential-layer material under the automated control. So, the additive technologies become synonymous with each other . Later, both of these technologies are used in the similar nature. Both the technologies are used in similar nature and used in the rapid technological advancements in the business. This manufacturing technology has several benefits for the production organization. The organization saves on cost as the manufacturing process only utilizes the raw materials required for the production of the device. The production can be done in a fast and efficient manner as the whole product manufacturing is transferred to the computer applications. The software also has quality control measures and can identify the loopholes in the production process. The 3D printing and additive manufacturing both are based on the creating low-end prices in the capacity. Through the additive manufacturing individual or the company can create any type of the complex structure with minimal requirements. 3D technology in low-cost production The 3D printing is more suitable for the low-cost production segments. In the manufacturing of any type of goods, technological changes always create an impact on the business process. Through the 3D printing, the small manufacturer can maintain economy of scale and low-cost production. At the initial level, 3D printing is used in making the prototype of the manufacturing goods but later it is used for the making the small spare parts of the production. The technology is a combination if various software and each software plays a critical role in the whole designing process. There is a product designing software wherein the initial designing of the product is conducted. In the low volume production, suppliers always faces problems for lack of spare parts but through the 3D printing, manufacture can overcome with lack of spare parts. In the batch processing used by the manufacture to create customized products and services and develop products as according to the need to customers. Ea ch type of the batch the manufacture needs a different type of the designs and prototypes (Petrick and Simpson, 2013). In the present competitive world, the competition among the business organizations is very and therefore it is important that the organization manufacture the best product to its customers. So, for the small vendors, through the using the 3D technology, they can overcome with the waste of material and other metal. In addition, it is also helpful to save the time. In the traditional manufacturing, vendor needs injecting modeling process timeline. By using the 3D technology, small vendors can save time on modeling the modeling the tools and process. Suitable Situation for 3D Technology 4D printing becomes an emerging technology and its implications are wide. There are different types of fields are available where the 3D technology can be used. Such as medical, manufacturing, design of products and development of products parts. In the present time the most suitable situation where the 3D technology is used in manufacturing fields. In the manufacturing fields, this technology makes huge impact on business and their design of products. At the initial stage, the 3D printing can be used for creating the concept's design and models. This help to boost the speed of pre-production process and outcomes can help the companies to companies for overcome with final products. In addition, 3D printing is also used for creating the personal fabrication. In the personal fabrication, the business can make their own parts and also they can develop their own manufacturing designs (Chia and Wu, 2015). Through this technology, business can overcome with problems of design and make able to manufacture for creating the multiple designs for single products without wasting any type of material. In other fields, 3D printing is also used in medical and food processing units. In medical science, 3D printing is used to get an idea before surgery. Before the manufacturing of the medical devices, the design can be validated with the help of 3D technology. The 3D technology can also used in manufacturing industries as it has immense applications in the manufacturing sector. 3D Printing Future There are different leading firms and companies which consider the future of the 3D printing in the direct digital manufacturing. These companies are investing a huge bulk of money and other resources so that 3D printing can be used in the mass commercial level. According to the American society of manufacturing engineers, direct digital manufacturing refers as the process of going off directly going from the digital representation of final products through the additive manufacturing process. The 3D printing helps the companies to save the cost of raw material on the final products which have been processed from the manufacturing unit. In much more mainstream, the 3D printing is also used in the aircrafts and aviation industry (Weller, Kleer and Piller, 2015). Therefore, a large number of business organizations in significabnt industries are using 3D printing technology. The Airbus is also incorporating with 1000 of the 3D parts in the aviation industry. Through the additive manufact uring technology, a business can use this technique to develop the products and services effectively. In addition, is also used in manufacturing the future buildings. In China, WinSun Decoration Design Engineering is used the 3D printing in developing of the printed house. In the medical science, the 3D printing is also used for replacement of human bodys organs. It is called as bio-printing. Through using the 3D pronating in medical the companies and hospitals can advantages of repair human bodies effectively. Impact of 3D printing on Traditional Manufacturing Future of the 3D printing in the manufacturing sector has a huge impact. By using the 3D printing the traditional manufacturing can techniques can be replaced. In the traditional manufacturing the large volume processing does not effect by the usage of 3D printing. However, in the small manufacturing units, these techniques help the company to save cost on the material and design the concepts for the manufacturing units (Campbell, Williams, Ivanova and Garrett, 2011). The main impact which creates by the 3D printing on traditional manufacturing is assembly line and pricing strategy implications. In the traditional methods, the sale department needs to make products after receiving orders. In this process, line managers need to change designs. In the3D technology helps to make products directly on demand and also companies do not require to change in concepts designs. Conclusion Summing up the present report it can be concluded that 3D printing can be considered as the emerging technology which makes revolutionary changes in manufacturing techniques. The 3D printing is very costly to use but the impact on manufacturing help the companies to overcome with different cost problems in the long term. References Campbell, T., Williams, C., Ivanova, O. and Garrett, B., 2011. Could 3D printing change the world. Technologies, Potential, and Implications of Additive Manufacturing, Atlantic Council, Washington, DC. Chia, H.N. and Wu, B.M., 2015. Recent advances in 3D printing of biomaterials. Journal of biological engineering, 9(1), p.4. Petrick, I.J. and Simpson, T.W., 2013. 3D printing disrupts manufacturing: how economies of one create new rules of competition. Research-Technology Management, 56(6), pp.12-16. Schubert, C., Van Langeveld, M.C. and Donoso, L.A., 2014. Innovations in 3D printing: a 3D overview from optics to organs. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 98(2), pp.159-161. Weller, C., Kleer, R. and Piller, F.T., 2015. Economic implications of 3D printing: Market structure models in light of additive manufacturing revisited. International Journal of Production Economics, 164, pp.43-56.

Misconceptions In Dealing With Abortion Essays - United States Law

Misconceptions in Dealing with Abortion The dispute on abortion has become one of the most heated debates in today's society. It is a subject that can instigate incredibly strong emotions on either side of the argument. Since the Supreme Court's Roe v. Wade decision in 1973, which legalized abortions in the United States, women have had the individual right as people to decide the fate of their own bodies. This right can not be negotiated. People are not merely a means to an end, but ends themselves. A woman treated as an incubator of a fetus by the law is simply a means to an end, therefore disregarded as a person. There are many misconceptions about abortion. These misconceptions can potentially lead to the loss of women's individual and necessary rights to choose for themselves whether or not they want to bear a child. Most of these common misconceptions can not only be easily identified, but also utterly refuted. One of these common misconceptions is that human life begins at conception. This conclusion simply does not follow. As affirmed by Thomson in her article A Defense of Abortion: "Similar things may be said about the development of an acorn into an oak tree, and it does not follow that acorns are oak trees, or that we had better say they are" (356). There is no scientific consensus as to when human life begins. It is much more a matter of philosophic opinion or religious belief. Human life is a continuum; sperm and eggs are also alive, and represent potential human beings, but virtually all sperm and eggs are wasted. In addition, two-thirds of human conceptions are spontaneously aborted by nature. Another extremely disputable Pro-Life argument is that a fetus should have rights under the law. If fetal rights were enshrined in law, women's bodies, rights, and health would be subordinated to the protection of embryos. The legal consequences of such a law would be simply catastrophic. The best way to protect the fetus is to promote the health and well being of women. Moreover, the right of the unborn to live can never supercede a woman to control her own body. As said by Margret Sanger: "No woman can call herself free who does not own and control her own body." More than anything else, bearing a child totally alters a woman's life. Other women's rights are in-effect hollow if women are forced to be mothers. Being born is a gift, not a right. People do not ask to be born, and in some cases even wish that they weren't. Another common misconception is that making contraceptives and abortion readily available will ultimately encourage teenagers to have sex. In society today, teen sex has many complex societal causes including sexually oriented TV shows, movies, and ads. Studies have shown that where birth control, abortion, and comprehensive sex education programs are offered, such as in the Netherlands, teenagers have less sex, not more, and abortion rates decrease. Furthermore, abstinence-based sex education programs in schools don't' stop many teenagers from having sex, instead, they the likelihood of unsafe sex. Reality dictates that birth control and abortion must be available to help prevent teens from becoming parents. In addition, it is also true that many of the same people who oppose legal abortion are often to opposition the availability of contraceptives as well. This position is both hypocritical and irresponsible. If anti-abortionists used their well-funded organizing power to help prom ote contraception and sex education instead of fighting women's individual rights to legal abortions in the United States, they would likely be able to cut the teen abortion rate in half within just a few years. Misconceptions about Abortion have disillusioned many people on the topic. It is absolutely necessary that the individual right of women to decide what is right for themselves and their bodies. If these common misconceptions about abortion aren't dealt with and refuted women may ultimately loose one of the most important right they will ever have; the right to choose.

Personality Theory on Oprah Winfrey essays

Personality Theory on Oprah Winfrey essays Any person experiences growth of different aspects of personality during various points of time. In fact, it is the day to day good and bad experiences that shape the personality of an individual. There are different theories of growth of personality of an individual. In this assignment, I will take up the case of well-known figure Oprah Winfrey. Based on different theories of personality, I will study the factors which contributed to the growth of personality of Oprah Winfrey. Experts have worked on the science of personality development. They have presented the various theories of growth of a personality. The term personality is the product of learned behavior. (Bergland)This means that many traits are inborn and many others are learned. Certain traits are learned through interaction with individuals in the society. A very important factor in shaping personality of an individual is social interaction. After all, man is a social animal. Important theories of personality are trait theory (Allport), psychoanalytic theory (Freud), humanistic theory (Maslow) and social learning theory (Bandura). Trait theory refers to characteristics of a personality. Other theories explain the underlying principle of behavioral pattern found in an individual. Psychoanalytic theory analyses contradiction between selfish instinct of an individual and his imbibed human values and ideals. Humanistic theory gives importance to healthy concept of self in a personality (Lehey) . Social learning theory believes that development of personality of an individual is the result of social interaction. As it is known to many of us, Oprah Winfrey is an individual who is a very successful black American. She has produced numerous talk shows organized for American audience. Even though she had a tough time with her mother until the age of 14, when she was sent to live with her father, Oprah Winfreys life changed. Her father was a very strict man an...

Constructivist Learning and VLEs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Constructivist Learning and VLEs - Essay Example As the essay stresses learning theories are the basis of instructional-design theories. Reigeluth comments that the relationship between a learning theory and an instructional theory could be equated to that of a house and its foundation. Problem-based learning (PBL), is a constructivist learning model, which is fundamentally an instructional-design theory. Reigeluth observes that a theory is considered to be an instructional theory if it â€Å"offers explicit guidance on how to better help people learn and develop.† From the report it is clear that constructivist theories are based on the assumption that students must construct their own ideas through the guidance of a teacher. Here the teacher is a mere guide and the student shoulders the responsibility of unravelling knowledge for themselves. In constructivist model of education, there is no memorising of theory and data. Students have to reach upon their conclusions and have to develop knowledge by themselves. As Miller suggests, if the learner is to acquire specific knowledge, then the instruction must employ the correct instructional strategy for promoting the acquisition of that kind of knowledge. Cognitive Constructivism propounded by Piaget believes in the supremacy of mind in learning process and considers the organization of information around concepts, problems, and the interrelationships of associated subjects and ideas.

Expert Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Expert Systems - Essay Example As its name indicates, expert systems are used to perform specific tasks which involve the knowledge and skills of experts. At the present, expert systems have become very important for the majority of business organizations. In fact, they are currently being used in every walk of business organization. Expert systems are used to perform different operations in different organizations. This paper presents a detailed analysis of expert systems. This paper discusses the advantages, disadvantages and evolution of expert systems. This paper also discusses the examples of earlier and latest expert systems. Definition and Description of an Expert system Although Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been around for more than fifty years, it has been just recently that a lot of organizations all over the world are beginning to utilize AI based tools and applications to help them become more competitive in the ever-increasing competitive world. In the past few years, AI has been rapidly turning i nto an imperative technology and there is at this time an explosion of interest centering on this field. In fact, both industries and educational institutes are assigning more resources than ever before to AI. Basically, the artificial intelligence is a wide-ranging trend and it consists of a lot of sub domains such as game-playing systems, vision systems, computer-aided instruction, natural language translation, voice synthesis and recognition, robotics, and expert systems. Expert systems are possibly the fastest progressing sub domain of AI (Schon & Helferich, 1989). Expert systems are acknowledged as a significant subject of artificial intelligence. Basically, an expert system offers a method to collect and transform the knowledge of experts. The expert system consists of computer programs that try to be like the way people think. The history of expert systems can be traced back to over twenty years ago in the labs of Stanford University where it was first used to help make a dia gnosis of infectious blood diseases. In fact, since that time expert systems have been using into almost every walk of life that involves human knowledge and judgment. In addition, the expert systems are normally based on three most important elements: the clarification generator and user interface, the inference engine, and the knowledge base. Additionally, in the beginning while using expert systems at Stanford, the knowledge base encompassed medical "rules" to demonstrate IF-THEN conditions and statements with a related confidence factor. The example of this rule can be like this, IF the patient is diagnosed with symptom A AND symptom B THEN the result/disease is X, and confidence is Y%. If the patient is diagnosed with symptom C, then this rule would not even be applicable. Moreover, the decision regarding the selection of the rules is made automatically by the inference engine (MoreBusiness, 1998). In simple words, â€Å"an expert system is an information system that collects and stores the expertise of human experts and then reproduces

Impact of Crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Impact of Crime - Essay Example Furthermore, as reiterated earlier, it can have financial, social, psychological, physical and spiritual consequences. And although there isn’t very accurate information available about the problems and challenges that victims face in coping with the eventual aftermath of the crime, his/her ability to cope with crime is dependent on several factors (Harris, 2001). When there is a history of psychological and mental health problems and the onset of a new crime, the trauma is augmented, especially when there is a history of depression or post-traumatic stress disorder. The incidence of violent crime and sexual abuse attacks in the United States decreased from 1994 to 2004 (U.S. Department of Justice, 2006); however, according to the FBI Uniform Crime Reports (2006), violent crime increased in 2005. Rape was the only violent crime that showed a decrease. Americans are still concerned about becoming crime victims. Americans’ fear of becoming a victim of a crime affects more people than crime itself (Dominguez, 2011). Majority of the households in the United States, around 14 percent went through the experience of violent sexual attacks or had a member -12 years or older who underwent the experience of violent crimes. There has also been research done which shows that Alaska Natives and Native Americans are prone to violent crimes and sexual abuse attacks a lot more than other people. American Indians have undergone the experience of violence that of the U.S resident population. Also, on an average, American Indians are more prone to violent crimes, especially age 12 or older (Astbury, 2005). With the development of the field of victim services, the comprehension of the multi-faceted impact of crime on families, victims and communities has also developed greatly. The victims of both severe and not very severe sexual abuse attacks can face a myriad of problems because of the

Functionalist Perspective on Social Problems

Functionalist Perspective on Social Problems When in a society people agree that there exists a condition that threatens the quality of their lives and their most cherished values, and they also agree that something should be done to remedy it, sociologists say that society has defined that state of affairs as a social problem. Sociologists ask questions about how the problem effects the collectivity rather than the individual aspects of a problem. The main sociological approaches to the study of social problems are the functionalist and conflict perspectives. Functionalism aims at analysing the social and cultural phenomenon in terms of the functions they perform. From this perspective, the main reason for the existence of social problems is that societies are always changing and the failure to adapt successfully to change leads to social problems. Functionalist analysis was prominent in the work of Auguste Comte and Herbert Spencer, two of the founding fathers of this discipline and was further developed and refined by Emile Durkheim and more recently by Talcott Parsons. Durkheim is the most important sociological forerunner of modern day functionalism. His description of organic solidarity focussed on the interdependence of roles and lack of self-sufficiency that held people together. According to the functionalist perspective, each part of society is interconnected and contributes to society performing as a whole. If all goes well, the diverse parts of society produce order, equilibrium and performance. If all does not go well, then the different parts of society must adapt themselves to re-establish a new balance, equilibrium and performance. For example, during a financial recession and consequent high rates of unemployment and inflation, state spending on social programs is reduced or eliminated, Schools offer fewer educational programmes and families spend less, so a new social order, steadfastness and productivity occurs. The conflict perspective, which originated primarily out of Karl Marxs writings on class conflicts, presents a picture of society in a different light from the functionalist perspective. While the functionalist perspective focuses on the positive aspects of society that contribute to its stability, the conflict perspective focuses on the antagonistic, disharmonized and ever-changing nature of society. Conflict theorists challenge the existing state of affairs, strenghten social change (even when this means social revolution) and believe affluent and authoritarian people force social order on the destitute and the weak. Capitalism, the economic system which dominates the world today, is based on private ownership of the means of production (manufacturing industry, the raw materials and resources needed for industry and even the seeds necessary for food production) and exploitation of the labour of the working-class. The working-class, with no land or substantial inherited wealth, have no means of supporting themselves and are forced to sell their labour to survive. Capitalists buy this labour power, then get their money back and make profits by selling necessities and other products to the working-class and other classes in society. Critics of the conflict perspective point to its exceedingly negative outlook of society. The theory ultimately accredits charitable efforts, benevolence, democracy, civil rights, and other positive aspects of society to capitalistic motives meant to control the masses, and not to fundamental interests in sustaining society and social order. For generations before the establishment of a welfare state, most poor people who did not earn a living somehow managed to cope. Relying on family and, if necessary, on local charities, they pooled together the resources necessary to maintain a dwelling and prevent starvation. The term Poverty has many definitions and it is often defined as a state of deprivation relative to those standards of living enjoyed by others within the same society e.g. income or consumption poverty, social preclusion, lack of basic needs and relative hardship. The extensive sociological literature on poverty overlaps with that on race, ethnicity, subcultures, the underclass and stratification. The study of poverty is central to any examinations of social inequality, including an analysis of who is destitute and the reasons for their poverty. Although the poor have often been blamed for their poverty, which is seen as the consequence of some form of personal inadequacy such as idleness, most studies attribute the existence of poverty in terms of the social and economic structures of industrialised societies. The Functionalist belief on poverty is based on the assumption that poverty serves a constructive use for society since functionalism is interested in large scale fundamental justifications of social life. Therefore, poverty is studied on a macro level on the basis of the benefits it provides to society as a whole, rather than for the persons who are in poverty. The most influential writer on this aspect is Herbert J. Gans (1971) who suggests that poverty benefits the rich and powerful, who have a statutory interest in preserving poverty. According to Gans, poverty ensures there is always someone in society who needs to perform physically dangerous, temporary, undignified and underpaid work for low wages, which is ultimately better than destitution. Furthermore, without the underpaid in society, many enterprises would be unable to operate as they rely upon under paid workers to ensure their dividend and success. The very existence of poverty provides the rest of society with benchmark against which society can measure itself. In Britain, Peter Townsend played a leading role between 1950, and 1970s in making the public aware of the continuing existence of poverty. According to Townsend individuals, families and groups can be said to be in poverty when they lack the means to obtain the types of food, participate in the activities and have basic living conditions and facilities which are recognized, or at least widely sanctioned or approved, in the societies to which they belong. Their resources are so seriously below those required by the average person or family that they are, in effect, excluded from everyday living ways, customs and activities. In Poverty in the United Kingdom Townsend claims that the existence of class division is the major factor causing poverty; but he also acknowledges that poverty is related to lifestyles. From a conflict perspective, poverty is imposed, reflecting unequal power among social groups, and it will continue to be imposed until those harmed by it manage to force a change. Conflict theory argues that the explanations offered by functionalism theory is part of what sustains poverty, as they conceal its true origins and encourage the poor to accept social arrangements rather than organize to combat them. Marxism attributes poverty to the existence of class divisions in society. Poverty helps to maintain the domination of the bourgeoisie. In the 19th century the recognized explanation of poverty came from Malthuss Essay on Population (1798). Malthus affirmed that population grows faster than production. Increasing poverty is therefore unavoidable; any increase in the standard of living of the poorest classes simply leads to an increase in births or decrease in death rates and the population again presses on food supply. Marx held the Malthusian theory in great disdain. Under capitalism, production grows very rapidly because of continual innovation and the surplus population a group of unemployed living in poverty is not the result of natural population increase, but of the dislocation of workers by labour-saving machinery. The surplus population could all work if the length of the working day were reduced. But employers dont want this, for various reasons. Marxists believe that the capitalist society is constucted by the economy, and this structure needs to be completely reconfigured to be able to eliminate poverty. This would include a revolutionary eradication of capitalism because eventually the situation will progress to a small minority of the bourgeoisie (ruling class) and a pool of cheap labour. Marxists illustrated this by suggesting that institutions in the superstructure, such as the media, abuse of the proletariat, keeping them poor. A fragileness to the Marxists point of view is that it fails to explain why some groups are more inclined to poverty than others, e.g. women and the disabled. According to Marxists, the welfare system is an instrument of the state, which helps to maintain absolute lack of balance of prosperity that see some people living in privation with little possibility of ever really escaping from it. Absolute poverty, also known as subsistence poverty, is the idea that it is possible to create an absolute minimum standard of living required for physical health, this is often called the poverty line. This concept is used in Drewnowski and Scotts level of living index where nutrition is defined in terms of calories and protein, shelter in terms of quality of dwelling and degrees of overcrowding, and health in terms of infant mortality and the quality of available medical facilities. Some sociologists attempt to include measures of education, security, leisure and recreation as basic cultural needs to be added to the notion of subsistence. The theory of relative poverty has mainly replaced that of absolute poverty in sociological research. Relative poverty is measured in terms of judgements by members of a particular society of what is considered as a reasonable and acceptable standard of living. This definition of poverty suggests that the poor in any given society are, in part, defined by their opposite, the rich. A society has a distinctive set of cultural values, and any definition of poverty must include the choices and interests that individuals have in their society. Researchers have linked poverty to several key issues of child welfare. Children from families in poverty experience more emotional and behaviour problems than children from middle and upper class families. Although all children go to school, the background of some puts them academically behind their peers from the beginning. Impoverished students are far more likely to enter school a disadvantaged because they have not had experiences that promote literacy and reading readiness. More than one billion people in the world live on less than one dollar a day. In total, 2.7 billion struggle to survive on less than two dollars per day. Poverty in the developing world, however, goes far beyond income poverty. This entails having to walk more than one mile everyday to collect water and firewood; it means suffering diseases that were annihilated from rich countries decades ago. Every year eleven million children (mostly under the age of five) die from malnutrition and more than six million from completely preventable causes like malaria, diarrhoea and pneumonia. A total of 114 million children do not get access to a basic education and 584 million women are illiterate. Social protection systems in Europe are among the most highly developed in the world but still, 16% of Europes population amounting to 79 million people live below the poverty line (set at 60% of their countrys median income) with one European in ten living in a household where nobody has an employment. Children, are more exposed to poverty with 19% amounting to 19 million children living under the threat of poverty. For this reason the European Union has proclaimed 2010 as the European Year For Combating Poverty and Social Exclusion with four main objectives: The fundamental right of persons experiencing poverty and social exclusion to live in dignity and to take an active part in society; Foster commitment by all public and private actors to combat poverty and social exclusion; Encourage cohesion; Promote commitment and practical action of the EU and its Member States to combat poverty and social exclusion, and involve all levels of authority in the pursuit of that aim. Malta does not live in a vacuum and new forms of poverty brought about by social progress as a result of new lifestyles have been very actual. A large number of families are living through difficult times, with children being the innocent victims of their parents and guardians, the authorities or the community at large. Problems created by gambling, usury, alcohol, drug abuse and mental health. The report by the National Family Commission states that relative poverty exits not just financially but also in cases of stigmatised illness, domestic violence and cases where a husband chooses not to work so that he can default on paying maintenance to wife and dependants. More and more international efforts have been organized in recent decades to address the problems of the poorest among us. However, while the world has certainly seen an overall improvement in rates of poverty and poverty-related issues, success has been uneven and hampered by serious setbacks. One devastating disease, such as AIDS, can obliterate the economy of a low-income country and one violent conflict can crush any human development advances that might have been achieved. Can we envisage a society without absolute poverty and relative poverty? In a society without absolute poverty everyone that could work would be employed, there would be little crime, just a great place to live. In a society without relative poverty people would all have the same wealth and there would be no competition to be better then anyone else. This type of society is only possible in the imagination. Poverty survives because it is useful to our society. Societys dirty work could still be carried out without poverty by paying the dirty workers decent wages. If the poor were more affluent they would make less willing clients for upper-class philanthropy. Poverty will only be eliminated when the poor can obtain enough power to make a change in todays society.

Fronteir Exceptionalism :: essays research papers

What is exceptionalism? As defined by The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, is it: 1) the condition of being exceptional or unique; and 2) the theory or belief that something, especially a nation, doesn’t conform to a pattern or a norm. Some historians credit the terms origins to Alex de Tocqueville, the 19th century French historian. Since colonial times, Americans felt of themselves as the preeminent example of a social and morally advanced society. John Winthrop’s ‘City on a Hill’ illustrated the Puritan religious tones for these ideals. After the Revolution, a combination of secular and sacred ideologies formed that saw the United States as providentially selected to be a ‘divine stage’ for liberty and a new world order. But don’t all peoples of a nation feel an exceptional pride in their nation? Why did/do American’s feel that way? I believe one of the most fundamentally important facets that contributed to the American exceptionalism spirit this time was the frontier. The frontier, whether a place or process, certainly shaped American thought from a ragtag colonial cluster to a hegemon with muscular muster. I disagree with many Turnerian protà ©gà ©s, however, in that the process of settling the frontier was not a series of successes. The new ‘reappraisal’ of western history shows that not all courses of action taken resulted in progress. Patricia Limerick discusses this well in her essay entitled What on Earth is New Western History? In this essay she tries to quell old myths that are celebrated by those who would like to hold on with a blind eye to false stories. But these interpretations of the west are just as vitally important as the Indian and cowboy mystique. The concept of America and what an American is was fashioned from the combination of myth versus reality. Most of my paper will be examining these topics from Limerick, Ridge and Richard White’s When Frederick Jackson Turner and Buffalo Bill Cody Both Played Chicago in 1893. Turner and Cody told the story of the west in two starkly different angles, and with two different approaches. Turner’s narrative was one that told of large, empty expanse of free land that was there for the taking, and was basically free from violence. Cody’s Wild West showed an adventure of conquest and persecution at the hands of the Indians, a ‘correct representation of life on the plains’.(47) But when the two are taken into account together, the biases of each bring to light the complexities that shadowed their explanation for their perspective.

Music and Its Influence Essay

These primitive musicians would not have known many of the modern terms such as octaves and pitch, but they invented quite possibly the most important aspect of music today – just whack it. Music is basically the control of sound. We can control this sound by varying the pitch, tempo, octaves, and dynamics and so on. There are thousands of ways that we can use music and to shape it to how we want to hear it. But how much has music influenced the way we think today? Why is it so popular? Music dates right back to the prehistoric eras where primitive instruments were constructed using items like bone and woodQuite literally, they would have used things like 2 bones and they would have ‘whacked’ them together. This would obviously have made a sound – either loud or quite depending on how hard you hit them together. Take these primitive bones and add on 8 or 9 thousand years of musical evolution and you get the modern day drum kit. In my own opinion; instrumentsHave come a very long way. In my research drums, guitars and pianos has change in the way it looks and sounds. Ask yourself! How far did music come from to now? First close your eyes and picture this, even today if you go to some native parts of Africa or Asia. you can see tribes of people performing primeval forms of music. They do this for both entertainment and their religious belief. This form of music normally consists of basic wind instruments and small, hand-made percussion instruments normally made from animal skin or fur. This has been kept traditional by the tribe as they have not been into contact with the outside world. They have managed to keep their precious tradition for thousands of years, and they will be able to keep it for years to come. Their music is the only real surviving traditional music from the early days, and that genre of music has slowly made its way into western culture. If we see a film about a jungle, normally the soundtrack is composed of instruments like bongos or shakers. This is because we instantly associate this sort of music with jungles and indigenous tribes. So whereas some parts of the world stayed traditionalist, other parts were taking music to the next step. Western cultures have used music for almost every aspect of life. Music was used for entertainment and religion. Some countries have unfortunately lost their culture and heritage thanks to more developed countries trying to expand their empires. Traditional drums and flutes have been replaced with more vibrant shakers and trumpets. It is no doubt that the way other countries have acted has greatly affected the distribution of music worldwide. I’m sure you’ll all agree when I say that music is changing very fast. It’s either that or we keep changing our tastes in music every five minutes – which is far more probable. Today if someone put on a record from just 10-20 years ago we’d probably think of that music as being incredibly old or very simple. I don’t know about you, but I can’t stand to watch some (if not most) of the early Top of the Pops because the music is so old. We think of this as being old, but in fact it is incredibly new. The music industry has become overwhelmingly popular ever since some of the pioneers of modern music. Before the War, there had never been a real music industry, but during the war many radio stations made the majority of their income by playing music because lots of music during that era was lyrically focused on subjects like peace and hope. This was undoubtedly something that people wanted to hear, so the music industry started to really form during this time. WHAT? I’ll just get the album when it comes out, thanks. After this, more and more businesses and corporations started to set up record labels and started to sign more and more artists to their label and then distributing their music in CD/Vinyl release and on the radio. Since then, technology of all sorts has had to shape the way it works so that it can keep up with the music industry. Many devices that once had no connections to music now play music and the radio due to customer demands. For example, a fridge with a built in radio. Record labels have got so big nowadays, that they are starting to charge excessive fees for artist’s music. Many bands/artists have recognized this and have made their own record labels so they can have their own means of music distribution. Some examples of these would be Nothing Records, owned by Trent Reznor of Nine Inch Nails, and Morning Records, owned by the Cooper Temple Clause. During my research I’ve learned how music changes the lives of people throughout the world. I can honestly say, I have discovered how has influenced my life and the production of my music. In conclusion, music has evolved substantially from its early days as a form of basic ceremonious compliments to a huge booming industry that plays a major role in our culture and it continues to change every day to suit the needs of the consumers, who enjoy music for what it is, rather than the profit that can be made from record labels.

Drugs Usage in Sports

Drugs Usage in Sports Introduction During a 30- minute interview, I sat down with a former coach of mine and discussed drug usage among high school athletes. The coach touched upon a few issues concerning drug testing policies, drug education and awareness programs for coaches and athletes used at high schools in Mississippi.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Drugs Usage in Sports specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More INTERVIEWER: Are the incidents of drug abuse frequent among athletes and what measures are taken for improving the existing situation? COACH: The problems of drug use are a common scenario among young athletes that does not receive the proper attention. The main causes making athletes to look for performance-enhancing substances include their low self-esteem and willingness to enhance their chances for making outstanding achievements (Coakley, 2008). International Olympic Committee (IOC), National Collegiate Athletic Association (N CAA), and Professional Sports League united their efforts for developing drug testing policies as well as education and awareness programs for the purpose of ensuring drug-free environment for athletes and strengthening sport ethics. INTERVIEWER: Why do you think these measures can be ineffective? COACH: The main difficulties in implementing the drug testing and controlling policies are preconditioned with the main controversies of applying them in practice. On the one hand, drug-free environment is important for the health of athletes and integrity of sports. On the other hand, drug testing procedures frequently turn out to be ineffective. Partially violating the rights of athletes for privacy, these policies can result in the protests of athletes (Coakley, 2008). Additionally, athletes can use legal substances (aspirin) which can still be regarded as performance-enhancing, complicating the task of coaches suspecting them of drug use. INTERVIWER: As a high school coach, have you ev er faced the problem of drug use in your professional practice? COACH: Yes, I have faced this issue in my practice. Some athletes were certain that by using performance-enhancing drugs, they could improve their achievements.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More INTERVIEWER: What can make you suspect an athlete of drug abuse? COACH: It can be seen from sportsmen’s behaviour and their performance. For instance, a player may start to lose concentration, not attend sessions or unexpectedly improve performance. For this reason, a coach has to take into account the previous observations of athletes’ performance and behavioural characteristics. INTERVIEWER: Can certain tests be used for defining the instances of drug abuse and in which cases these tests can be taken? COACH: Yes, drug screening tests can be used in case of reasonable doubt of a coach, tutor or p arent. Reasonable suspicion can be defined as the quantity of proof which is beyond mere intuition, but still lacks argumentation. As to an incident, it can be defined as a positive screening test or a situation in which an athlete was found in using or possessing certain banned substances. INTERVIEWER: Is there any possibility of getting false results of a drug screening test? COACH: If the first drug screening test is positive, athletes have to take a second one. Additionally, according to the drug testing policies of the state of Mississippi, if certain outside substances are found in the athlete’s urine, it is regarded as an attempt to disguise the results, and the test is automatically regarded as positive (Coakley, 2008). INTREVIEWER: Can you give examples of the most famous cases of drug abuse which can be used in education program for athletes for enhancing their awareness of possible physiological and psychological changes which can be caused by drug use?Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Drugs Usage in Sports specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More COACH: Snoop Dogg is a rapper who was arrested because of an incident of drug possession. Alanis Morissette is a singer who had undergone bulimia and anorexia drug addictions before she attained 18years. Cathy Rigby is a gymnast who suffered from an eating disorder. Christy Henrich is a gymnast who died because of anorexia complications. These famous people suffered or died because of drug abuse. INTERVIEWER: What awareness programs have been implemented for ensuring drug-free environment for students? COACH: Awareness programs for coaches and athletes have been established to educate and counsel young people on the effects of drugs. Additionally, participating in these programs, coaches can receive valuable information concerning the drug controlling and testing policies and act in accordance with the legislation norms of the state of Missi ssippi. Most high schools and youth leagues participate in these programs. Complying with NCAA regulations, Mississippi high schools pay attention to the three main elements of drug-related programs, including those of education, prevention and rehabilitation (University Microfilms International, 2005) INTERVIEWER: Are there campaign awareness programs for players only? COACH: Yes, they exist. These awareness programs are meant to create awareness about the effects of drugs on their health. The players are also encouraged to pass on the message to other upcoming players (University Microfilms International, 2005). INTERVIEWER: What measures need to be taken for enhancing the effectiveness of the existing programs and improving the results? COACH: I would recommend devoting more time to educational programs and enacting a procedure of random testing for all athletes which is currently prohibited by NCAA, but is still used in other states. Taking into account the incidence of drug abu se and possible consequences for the athletes’ health and sport ethics, I insist on taking critical measures.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reference List Coakley, J. (2008). Sports in society: Issues and controversies. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. University Microfilms International (2005). Dissertation abstracts international. Berkeley, CA: University Microfilms

Treaty of Portsmouth

Treaty of Portsmouth The Treaty of Portsmouth was a peace agreement signed on September 5, 1905, at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine, United States, which officially ended the Russo-Japanese War of 1904 – 1905. U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts in brokering the pact. Fast Facts: Treaty of Portsmouth The Treaty of Portsmouth was a peace agreement between Russia and Japan, brokered by the United States. It put an end to the Russo-Japanese War, fought from February 8, 1904 to September 5, 1905, when the treaty was signed.Negotiations focused on three key issues: access to Manchurian and Korean ports, control of Sakhalin Island, and payment of the financial costs of the war.The Treaty of Portsmouth led to nearly 30 years of peace between Japan and Russia, and earned President Roosevelt the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906. The Russo-Japanese War The Russo-Japanese War of 1904 – 1905 was fought between the Empire of Russia, a modernized world military power, and the Empire of Japan, a largely agrarian nation just starting to develop its industrial sector. Since the end of the First Sino-Japanese War in 1895, both Russia and Japan had clashed over their competing imperialistic ambitions in areas of Manchuria and Korea. By 1904, Russia controlled Port Arthur, a strategically important warm water seaport on the southern tip of Manchuria’s Liaodong Peninsula. After Russia helped put down an attempted Japanese coup in adjacent Korea, war between the two nations seemed inevitable. On February 8, 1904, the Japanese attacked the Russian fleet harbored at Port Arthur before sending a declaration of war to Moscow. The surprise nature of the attack helped Japan gain an early victory. Over the next year, Japanese forces won important victories in Korea and the Sea of Japan. However, casualties were high on both sides. In the bloody Battle of Mukden alone, some 60,000 Russian and 41,000 Japanese soldiers were killed. By 1905, the human and financial costs of war led both countries to seek peace. Terms of the Treaty of Portsmouth Japan asked U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt to act as the intermediary to negotiating a peace agreement with Russia. Hoping to maintain an equal balance of power and economic opportunity in the region, Roosevelt desired a pact that would allow both Japan and Russia to maintain their influence in East Asia. Though he had publicly supported Japan at the start of the war, Roosevelt feared that America’s interests in the region could suffer if Russia was driven out completely. Russian and Japanese diplomats seated at the negotiating table during the Portsmouth Peace Conference. Buyenlarge / Getty Images Negotiations focused on three key issues: access to Manchurian and Korean ports, control of Sakhalin Island, and payment of the financial costs of the war. Japan’s priorities were: the division of control in Korea and South Manchuria, the sharing of war costs, and control of Sakhalin. Russia demanded continued control of Sakhalin Island, flatly refused to reimburse Japan for its war costs, and sought to maintain its Pacific fleet. Payment of war costs turned out to be the most difficult negotiation point. In fact, the war had so badly depleted Russia’s finances, it would have probably been unable to pay any war costs even if required to do so by the treaty. Delegates agreed to declare an immediate cease-fire. Russia recognized Japan’s claim to Korea and agreed to withdraw its forces from Manchuria. Russia also agreed to return its lease of Port Arthur in southern Manchuria to China and give up its railroad and mining concessions in southern Manchuria to Japan. Russia retained control of the Chinese Eastern Railway in northern Manchuria. When negotiations stalled over control of Sakhalin and payment of war debts, President Roosevelt suggested that Russia â€Å"buy back† the northern half of Sakhalin from Japan. Russia flatly refused to pay money its people might see as an indemnity for territory their soldiers had paid for with their lives. After a lengthy debate, Japan agreed to drop all of its claims for reparations in return for the southern half of Sakhalin Island. Historical Significance The Treaty of Portsmouth led to nearly 30 years of peace between Japan and Russia. Japan emerged as the main power in East Asia, as Russia was forced to drop its imperialistic aspirations in the region. However, the agreement did not sit well with the people of either country. Postcard shows the building at the Portsmouth Navy Yard where the peace talks were held, the Hotel Wentworth, and flags of Japan and Russia, all superimposed on an American flag. Buyenlarge / Getty Images The Japanese people considered themselves the victors and saw the refusal of war reparations as an act of disrespect. Protests and riots broke out in Tokyo when the terms were announced. At the same time, being forced to give up half of Sakhalin Island angered the Russian people. However, neither the average Japanese nor Russian citizen was aware of how badly the war had damaged the economies of their respective countries. During the war and the peace talks, the American people generally felt Japan was fighting a â€Å"just war† against Russian aggression in East Asia. Viewing Japan as being fully committed to the U.S. Open Door policy of preserving the territorial integrity of China, Americans were anxious to support it. However, the negative, sometimes anti-American reaction to the treaty in Japan surprised and angered many Americans. Indeed, the Treaty of Portsmouth marked the last meaningful period of U.S.-Japanese cooperation until the post-World War II reconstruction of Japan in 1945. At the same time, however, relations between Japan and Russia warmed as a result of the treaty. While he never actually attended the peace talks, and the actual extent of his influence on leaders in Tokyo and Moscow remained unclear, President Roosevelt was widely praised for his efforts. In 1906, he became the first of three sitting U.S. presidents to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Sources and Further Reference â€Å"The Treaty of Portsmouth and the Russo-Japanese War, 1904–1905.† U.S. Department of State. Office of the Historian Kowner, Rotem. â€Å"Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War.† The Scarecrow Press, Inc. (2006). â€Å"Text of Treaty; Signed by the Emperor of Japan and Czar of Russia.† The New York Times. October 17, 1905. â€Å"Partial record of Privy Council meeting to ratify the treaty.† National Archives of Japan. Figes, Orlando. â€Å"From Tsar to U.S.S.R.: Russias Chaotic Year of Revolution.† National Geographic.

Motor therapy for children with cerebral palsy (Neurodevelopmental Research Paper

Motor therapy for children with cerebral palsy (Neurodevelopmental Therapy, Hippotheray , Aquatic Therapy) - Research Paper Example There is enormous evidence about the benefits of motor therapy in the management of children with cerebral palsy (Batshaw, 2007). In this research article, the role of motor therapy in cerebral palsy will be discussed through review of suitable literature. Physical therapy plays a main role in managing cerebral palsy and the focus of physical therapy is movement, function and optimal use of the potential of the child. Physical therapies which have found to be effective in cerebral palsy are neurodevelopmental therapy, conductive education, strength training, postural control, constrained-induced movement therapy, hydrotherapy, passive stretching, orthotic devices and hippotherapy. Through these treatments, promotion, maintenance and restoration of the psychological, physical and social-well being of the child is achieved. Which form of motor treatment is effective is difficult to ascertain owing to lack of high-quality research. The goal of management in individuals with cerebral pal sy is not to achieve normalcy or not to cure but to increase the functionality of the patient, improve the capabilities of the patient and sustain health of the child in terms of cognitive development, locomotion, social interaction and independence. Early intensive management yields best results. The most common treatment strategy is neurodevelopmental treatment or NBT like the Bobath method (Batshaw, 2007). In this treatment, specific handling techniques are employed to control muscle tone, abnormal patterns of movement, control of posture, perception, sensation and memory. However, there is not much evidence to ascertain the role of NBT in changing abnormal motoric responses, prevention of contractures and facilitation of functional motor activities. In the Bobath method, after precise determination of the motor tasks of the child and after establishing the goals of NDT by the therapist, a structured program will be set for the child. The program consists of stretching of the leg s, followed by techniques to decrease spasticity inorder to facilitate normal patterns of movements. Functional motor activities involved in the program are sitting, walking and standing up from sitting. The motor functions are practiced in a random order in several environments through augmented feedback that matches various stages of the learner (Bar-Haim et al, 2010). The goals of NDT are to normalize the tone and improve the control of movement during various functional activities. Recently, another method of therapy, known as the constraint-induced therapy has been introduced which involves the more functional arm or hand to force use of the less functional upper extremity. (Batshaw et al, 2007). In the study by Antilla et al (2008), the researchers assessed the effectiveness of various forms of physical therapy interventions on various aspects of functioning in children with cerebral palsy. The study was a systematic review which reviewed 22 trials of which four were high meth odological quality studies. Based on these studies, the authors opined that there was moderate evidence to ascertain effectiveness in upper extremity training. Retarekar et al (2009) evaluated the benefits of aquatic aerobic exercise for cerebral palsy. the intervention was administered 3 times a week

Introduction to Organisations and Management Essay

Introduction to Organisations and Management - Essay Example Hence, in any good organization, there should be a clear road map that decides the specific roles of various people at different tiers so that good coordination would be possible facilitating maximum out put in unit time. In general, several principles of management play vital role in giving any organization a solid strength and proper direction and an element of sustainability. Effective management also facilitates good organizational design and structure, effective team work, ideal organizational culture and dynamic leadership. To understand this properly, practical studies of some organizations and comparison of their operation and management styles would be of immense help. Keeping this in consideration, a relative comparative analysis of two different firms i.e. Watson’s Engine Components vs. H&M Consulting has been made in terms of their style of operation and nature of management. The operation and management of both these firms is discussed with special emphasis to str ucture and design of organization, team work, leadership issues and organizational culture. ... Good organizational design would always facilitate better coherence and coordination among the employees and would also be instrumental in production of high quality end products. In the present case study, the organizational design of Watson’s Engine Components is hierarchial and it is not satisfactory as it lacks proper direction. In any organizational design, the founder or leader has to provide clear road map in which the organization has to concentrate for achieving its predetermined targets. Moreover, an effective organizational structure requires functional and divisional components (Hax and Majluf, 1981). In Watson’s Engine Components, Watson couldn’t give any futuristic model and it is completely family owned company with less diversification and specialization is also wanting as there is no proper division of works under different sections or departments. In this way, there is no proper communication and operation of authority of individual employees, s pan of control and accountability resulted in poor performance of Watson’s Engine Components. There is no coherence at among the employees and flexibility is also found to be lacking which makes Watson’s Engine Components less competitive in the present day market. For meeting the present needs of the market, the design has to be modified in any successful organization (Kikulis et al., 1995). But this has never happened in Watson’s Engine Components. The staff absenteeism and turn over rates of technical staff are quite quite high in Watson’s Engine Components resulting in poor organizational efficiency and this is to be addressed immediately. The Managing Director Gordon